Syllabus for
Master of Science (Physics)
Academic Year  (2021)

The postgraduate programme in physics helps to provide in depth knowledge of the subject which is supplemented with tutorials, brainstorming ideas and problem-solving efforts pertaining to each theory and practical course. The two-year MSc programme offers 16 theory papers and 7 laboratory modules, in addition to the foundation courses and guided project spreading over four semesters. Foundation courses and seminars are introduced to help the students to achieve holistic development and to prepare themselves to face the world outside in a dignified manner. Study tour to reputed national laboratories, research institutions and industries, under the supervision of the department is part of the curriculum.

Continuous internal assessment (CIA) forms 50% and the end semester examination forms the other 50% of the marks in both theory and practical. For the Holistic and Seminar course, there is no end semester examination and hence the mark is awarded through CIA. CIA marks are awarded based on their performance in assignments (written material to be submitted and valued), mid-semester examination (MSE), and class assignments (Quiz, presentations, problem solving etc.). The mid-semester examination and the end semester examination for each theory paper will be for two- and three-hours duration respectively. The CIA for practical sessions is done on a day to day basis depending on their performance in the pre-lab, the conduct of the experiment, and presentation of lab reports. Only those students who qualify with minimum required attendance and CIA marks will be allowed to appear for the end semester examination.

The course enables students to understand the basic concepts of Newtonian mechanics and introduce other formulations (Lagrange, Hamilton, Poisson) to solve trivial problems.  The course also includes constraints, rotating frames, central force, Kepler problems, canonical transformation and their generating functions, small oscillations and rigid body dynamics.

Mechanics of a particle, mechanics of a system of particles, constraints and their classification, principle of virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle, Generalized co-ordinates, Lagrange’s equations of motion, applications of Lagrangian formulation (simple pendulum, Atwood’s machine, bead sliding in a wire), cyclic co-ordinates, concept of symmetry, homogeneity and isotropy, invariance under Galilean transformations.

Rotating frames, inertial forces in the rotating frame, effects of Coriolis force, Foucault’s pendulum, Central force: definition and examples, Two-body central force problem, classification of orbits, stability of circular orbits, condition for closure of orbits, Kepler’s laws, Virial theorem, applications.                                                       

Canonical transformations, generating functions, conditions of canonical transformation, examples, Legendre’s dual transformation, Hamilton’s function, Hamilton’s equation of motion, properties of Hamiltonian and Hamilton’s equations of motion, Poisson Brackets, properties of Poisson bracket, elementary PB’s, Poisson’s theorem, Jacobi-Poisson theorem on PBs, Invariance of PB under canonical transformations, PBs involving angular momentum, principle of Least action, Hamilton’s principle, derivation of Hamilton’s equations of motion from Hamilton’s principle, Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Solution of simple harmonic oscillator by Hamilton-Jacobi method.

Types of equilibrium and the potential at equilibrium, Lagrange’s equations for small oscillations using generalized coordinates, normal modes, vibrations of carbon dioxide molecule, forced and damped oscillations, resonance, degrees of freedom of a free rigid body, angular momentum, Euler’s equation of motion for rigid body, time variation of rotational kinetic energy, Rotation of a free rigid body, Eulerian angles, Motion of a heavy symmetric top rotating about a fixed point in the body under the action of gravity.

[2].    Goldstein, H. (2001). Classical mechanics (3^rd ed.): Addison Wesley.

[3].    Rana, N. C., & Joag, P. S. (1994).  Classical mechanics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.

[1].    Greiner, W. (2004). Classical mechanics: System of particles and Hamiltonian dynamics. New York: Springer-Verlag.

[2].    Barger, V., & Olsson, M. (1995). Classical mechanics - A modern perspective (2^nd ed.): Tata McGraw Hill.

[3].    Gupta, K. C. (1988). Classical mechanics of particles and rigid bodies: Wiley Eastern Ltd. 

[4].    Takwale, R. G., & Puranik, P. S. (1983).  Introduction to classical mechanics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.

This module introduces the students to the applications of analog and digital integrated circuits. First part of the module deals with the operational amplifier, linear applications of op-amp., active filters, oscillators, non-linear applications of op-amp, timer and voltage regulators. The second part deals with digital circuits which exposes to the logic gates, encoders and decoders, flip-flops registers and counters.

The ideal op-amp - characteristics of an op-amp., the ideal op-amp., Equivalent circuit of an op-amp., Voltage series feedback amplifier - voltage gain, input resistance and output resistance, Voltage follower. Voltage shunt feedback amplifier - virtual ground, voltage gain, input resistance   and output resistance, Current to voltage converter. Differential amplifier with one op-amp. voltage gain, input resistance.

Linear applications: AC amplifier, AC amplifier with single supply voltage, Summing amplifier, Inverting and non-inverting amplifier, Differential summing amplifier, Instrumentation amplifier using transducer bridge, The integrator, The differentiator.                                                                                                               

Active filters and oscillators: First order low pass filter, Second order low pass filter, First order high pass filter, Second order high pass filter, Phase shift Oscillator, Wien-bridge oscillator, Square wave generator.

Non-linear circuits: Comparator, Schmitt trigger, Digital to analog converter with weighted resistors and R-2R resistors, Positive and negative clippers, Small signal half wave rectifier, Positive and negative clampers.                                                         

Logic gates - basic gates - OR, AND, NOT, NOR gates, NAND gates, Boolean laws and theorems (Review only). Karnaugh map, Simplification of SOP equations, Simplification of POS equations, Exclusive OR gates.

Combinational circuits: Multiplexer, De-multiplexer, 1-16 decoder, BCD to decimal decoder, Seven segment decoder, Encoder, Half adder, Full adder                  

Flip flops: RS flip-flop, Clocked RS flip-flop, Edge triggered RS flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, JK master-slave flip-flop.

Registers: Serial input serial output shift register, Serial input parallel output shift register, Parallel input serial output shift register, Parallel input parallel output shift register, Ring counter.

Counters: Ripple counter, Decoding gates, Synchronous counter, Decade counter, Shift counter - Johnson counter. 

[2].      Leach, D. P., & Malvino, A. P. (2002). Digital principles and applications. New York: Tata McGraw Hill.  

[2].      Morris Mano, M. (2018). Digital logic and computer design: Pearson India.

[3].      Jain, R. P. (1997). Modern digital electronics. New York: Tata McGraw Hill.

This course being an essential component in understanding the behaviour of fundamental constituents of matter is divided into two modules spreading over first and second semesters. The first module is intended to familiarize the students with the basics of quantum mechanics, exactly solvable eigenvalue problems, time-independent perturbation theory and time-dependent perturbation theory.

Review - origin of quantum mechanics (particle aspects, wave aspects and wave-particle duality), uncertainty principle, Schrodinger equation, time evolution of a wave packet, probability density, probability current density, continuity equation, orthogonality and normalization of the wave function, box normalization, admissibility conditions on the wave function, Operators, Hermitian operators, Poisson brackets and commutators, Eigen values, Eigen functions, postulates of quantum mechanics, expectation values, Ehrenfest theorems.

Bound and unbound systems. Application of time independent Schrodinger wave equation - Potential step, rectangular potential barriers - reflection and transmission coefficient, barrier penetration; particle in a one-dimensional box and in a cubical box, density of states; one dimensional linear harmonic oscillator - evaluation of expectation values of x² and p_x²; Orbital angular momentum operators - expressions in cartesian and polar coordinates, eigenvalue and eigenfunctions, spherical harmonics, Rigid rotator, Hydrogen atom - solution of the radial equation.

Time independent perturbation theory- First and second order perturbation theory applied to non-degenerate case; first order perturbation theory for degenerate case, application to normal Zeeman effect and Stark effect in hydrogen atom.

Time-dependent perturbation theory - First order perturbation, Harmonic perturbation, Fermi’s golden rule, Adiabatic approximation method, Sudden approximation method. 

Scattering cross-section, Differential and total cross-section, Born approximation for the scattering amplitude, scattering by spherically symmetric potentials, screened coulomb potential, Partial wave analysis for scattering amplitude, expansion of a plane wave into partial waves, phase shift, cross-section expansion, s-wave scattering by a square well, optical theorem.                                                      

[1].    Zettli, N. (2017). Quantum mechanics. New Delhi: Wiley India Pvt Ltd.

[6].    Crasemann, B., & Powell, J. H. (1998). Quantum mechanics: Narosa Publishing House.

[8].    Griffiths, D. J. (1995). Introduction to quantum mechanics: Prentice Hall Inc.

[10].Landau, L. D., & Lifshitz, E. M. (1965). Quantum mechanics: Pergamon Press.

A sound mathematical background is essential to understand and appreciate the principles of physics. This module is intended to make the students familiar with the applications of tensors and matrices, special functions, partial differential equations and integral transformations, Green’s functions and integral equations. 

Vectors and matrices: Review (vector algebra and vector calculus, gradient, divergence & curl), transformation of vectors, rotation of the coordinate axes, invariance of the scalar and vector products under rotations, Vector integration, Line, surface and volume integrals - Stoke’s, Gauss’s and Green’s theorems (Problems), Vector analysis in curved coordinate, special coordinate system - circular, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates, linear algebra matrices, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Tensors: Definition of tensors, Kronecker delta, contravariant and covariant tensors, direct product, contraction, inner product, quotient rule, symmetric and antisymmetric tensors, metric tensor, Levi Cevita symbol, simple applications of tensors in non-relativistic physics.

Beta and Gamma functions, different forms of beta and gamma functions. Dirac delta function. Kronecker delta, Power series method for ordinary differential equations, Series solution for Legendre equation, Legendre polynomials and their properties, Series solution for Bessel equation, Bessel and Neumann functions and their properties, Series solution for Laguerre equation, it's solutions and properties (generating function, recurrence relations and orthogonality properties for all functions).

Method of separation of variables, the wave equation, Laplace equation in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates, heat conduction equations and their solutions in one, two and three dimensions.  

Review of Fourier series, Fourier integrals, Fourier transform, Properties of Fourier sine and cosine transforms, applications. Laplace transformations, properties, convolution theorem, inverse Laplace transform, Evaluation of Laplace transforms and applications.

Dirac delta function, properties of Dirac delta function, three dimensional delta functions, boundary value problems, Sturm-Liouville differential operator, Green’s function of one dimensional problems, discontinuity in the derivative of Green’s functions, properties of Green’s functions, Construction of Green’s functions in special cases and solutions of inhomogeneous differential equations, Green’s function- symmetry of Green’s function, eigenfunction expansion of Green’s functions, Green’s function for Poisson equation.

Linear integral equations of first and second kind, Relationship between integral and differential equations, Solution of Fredholm and Volterra equations by Neumann series method.

[1]. S. Prakash: Mathematical Physics, S. Chand and Sons, 2004.

[2]. H. K. Dass: Mathematical Physics, S. Chand and Sons, 2008.

[3].G. B. Arfken, H. J. Weber and F. E. Harris: Mathematical methods for physicists, 7th Edn., Academic press, 2013.

[1]. Murray R. Spiegel, Theory and problems of vector analysis, (Schaum’s outline series)

[2]. M. L. Boas: Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, 2nd Edn, Wiley 1983.

[3]. K.F. Riley, M.P Hobson, S. J. Bence, Mathematical methods for Physics and Engineering,  Cambridge University Press (Chapter 24)

[4]. P. K. Chattopadhyaya: Mathematical Physics, Wiley Eastern, 1990.

[5]. E. Kryszig: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley, 2005.

[6]. Sadri Hassani: Mathematical Methods for students of Physics and related fields, Springer 2000.

[7]. J. Mathews and R. Walker: Mathematical Physics, Benjamin, Pearson Education, 2006.

[8]. A W. Joshi: Tensor analysis, New Age, 1995.

[9]. L. A. Piper: Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, McGraw-Hill 1958.

CIA 1: Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations before MST - 10 marks.

CIA 2: Mid-Sem Test (Centralized), 2 hours - 50 marks to be converted to 25 marks.

CIA 3: Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations after MST - 10 marks.

CIA 4: Attendance (76-79 = 1, 80-84 = 2, 85-89 = 3, 90-94 = 4, 95-100 = 5) - maximum of 5 marks.

 The research methodology module is intended to assist students in planning and carrying out research projects. The students are exposed to the principles, procedures and techniques of implementing a research project. In this module, the students are exposed to elementary scientific methods, design and execution of experiments, and analysis and reporting of experimental data.

 Introduction - meaning of research - objectives of research - motivation in research, types of research - research approaches - significance of research -research methods versus methodology - research and scientific method, importance of knowing how research is done - research processes - criteria of good research - defining research problem - selecting the problem, necessity of defining the problem - techniques involved in defining a problem - research design - meaning of research design - need for research design - features of good design, different research designs - basic principles of experimental design. Resources for research - research skills - time management, role of supervisor and scholar - interaction with subject experts. Thesis Writing: The preliminary pages and the introduction - the literature review, methodology - the data analysis - the conclusions, the references (IEEE format)

 Literature Review: Significance of review of literature - source for literature: books -journals – proceedings - thesis and dissertations - unpublished items.

On-line Searching: Database – SciFinder – Scopus - Science Direct - Searching research articles - Citation Index - Impact Factor - H-index etc.

Document preparation system: Latex, beamer, Overleaf-Writing scientific report - structure and components of research report - revision and refining’ - writing project proposal - paper writing for international journals, submitting to editors - conference presentation - preparation of effective slides, graphs - citation styles.

1. C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, 2nd. ed. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers, 2009.

2. R. Panneerselvam, Research Methodology, New Delhi: PHI, 2005.

3. P. Oliver, Writing Your Thesis, New Delhi:Vistaar Publications, 2004.

Experiments are selected to improve the understanding of students about mechanical, magnetic, optical and basic electronic properties of materials.

1.      Elastic constants of glass plate by Cornu's interference method. (Online/Offline)

2.      Study of thermo-emf and verification of thermoelectric laws (Onlilne/Offline)

3.      Wavelength of iron arc spectral lines using constant deviation spectrometer. (Offline)

4.      Energy gap of the semi-conducting material used in a PN junction. (Offline)

5.      Characteristics of a solar cell. (Online/Offline) 

6.      Stefan’s constant of radiation. (Offline)

7.    Study of hydrogen spectra and determination of Rydberg constant (Offline)

1.      Relaxation time constant of a serial bulb. (Offline)

2.      e/m by Millikan’s oil drop method. (Online)

3.      Study of elliptically polarized light by using photovoltaic cell. (Offline)                                     

4.      Study of absorption of light in different liquid media using photovoltaic cell. (Offline/Online)

5.      Determination of Curie temperature of a given ferro magnetic material. (Offline)

6.      Determination of energy loss during magnetization and demagnetization by means of BH loop. (Online/Offline)

2. Sears, F. W., Zemansky, M. W.,& Young, H. D. (1998). University physics(6^thed.): Narosa Publishing House.

4. Collings, P. J. (1980). Simple measurement of the band gap in silicon and germanium, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 48, Page. 197.

5. Fischer, C. W. (1982). Elementary technique to measure the energy band gap and diffusion potential of pn junctions: Am. J. Phys., Vol. 50, Page. 1103.

Electronics being an integral part of Physics, Laboratory 2, Electronics is dedicated to experiments related to Electronic components and circuits. The experiments are selected to make the students familiar with the commonly used electronic components and their application in electronic circuits. During the course, the students will get to know the use of various electronic measuring instruments for the measurement of various parameters.

1. Transistor multivibrator.
2. Half wave and full wave rectifier using op-amp.
3. Op-amp. voltage regulator.
4. Op-amp. inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
5. Timer 555, square wave generator and timer.
a) RS flip-flop using NAND gates, b) Decade counter using JK flip-flops.

6. Half adder and full adder using NAND gates.
7. Construction of adder, subtractor, differentiator and integrator circuits using the given Op-amp.
8. Construction of a D/A converter circuit and study its performance-R-2R and Weighted resistor network.
9. JK Flip-Flop and up-down counter
10. Differential Amplifier with Op-Amp

The objective of the course, MPH 231- statistical physics is to enable the students to explore the basic concepts and description of various topics such as phase space, ensembles, partition functions, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac gases, non-equilibrium states, and fluctuations.

 Introduction, phase space, ensembles (microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles), ensemble average, Liouville theorem, conservation of extension in phase space, condition for statistical equilibrium, microcanonical ensemble, ideal gas. Quantum picture: Microcanonical ensemble, quantization of phase space, basic postulates, classical limit, symmetry of wave functions, effect of symmetry on counting, distribution laws.      

Gibb’s paradox and its resolution, Canonical ensemble, entropy of a system in contact with a heat reservoir, ideal gas in canonical ensemble, Maxwell velocity distribution, equipartition theorem of energy, Grand canonical ensemble, ideal gas in grand canonical ensemble, comparison of various ensembles. Canonical partition function, molecular partition function, translational partition function, rotational partition function, application of rotational partition function, application of vibrational partition function to solids

Bose-Einstein distribution, Applications, Bose-Einstein condensation, thermodynamic properties of an ideal Bose-Einstein gas, liquid helium, two fluid model of liquid helium-II, Fermi-Dirac (FD) distribution, degeneracy, electrons in metals, thermionic emission, magnetic susceptibility of free electrons. Application to white dwarfs , High temperature limits of BE and FD statistics

Boltzmann transport equation, particle diffusion, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, isothermal Hall effect, Quantum Hall effect. Introduction to fluctuations, mean square deviation, fluctuations in ensembles, concentration fluctuations in quantum statistics, one dimensional random walk, electrical noise (Nyquist theorem). Fluctuations in FD and BE gases, Winer Khintchine theorem.     

[1].   F. Reif: Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw Hill International, 1985.

[2].   K. Huang: Statistical Mechanics, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1991.

[3].   J. K. Bhattacharjee: Statistical Physics: Equilibrium and Non Equilibrium Aspects, Allied Publishers Limited, 1997.

[4].   R. A. Salinas: Introduction to Statistical Physics, Springer, 2^nd Edn,2006. 

[5].   E. S. R. Gopal: Statistical Mechanics and properties of matter, Macmillan, India 1976.

[1].   B. K. Agarwal and M. Eisner: Statistical Mechanics, New Age International, 2^ndEdn, 1998.

      [2].   R. K. Pathria: Statistical Mechanics, Butterworth Heinemann, 2^ndEdn, 2006. 

This course has been conceptualized in order to give students to get exposure to the fundamentals of Electrodynamics. Students will be introduced to topics such as Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, Electromagnetic waves, Propagation of wave through a waveguide, Electromagnetic radiation and relativistic electrodynamics.

Electrostatics:Review of electrostatics, Electrostatic boundary conditions, Poisson’s equation and Laplace’s equation, uniqueness theorem.  Solution to Laplace’s equation in a) Cartesian coordinates, applications: i) rectangular box and ii) parallel plate condenser, b) spherical coordinates, applications: potential outside a charged conducting sphere and c) cylindrical coordinates, applications: potential between two co-axial charged conducting cylinders. Method of images: Potential and field due to a point charge i) near an infinite conducting sphere and ii) in front of a grounded conducting sphere.

Magnetostatics: Review of magnetostatics, Multipole expansion of the vector potential, diamagnets, paramagnets and ferromagnets, magnetic field inside matter, Ampere’s law in magnetized materials, Magnetic susceptibility and permeability.

Review of Maxwell’s equations, Maxwell’s equations in matter, Boundary conditions. Poynting’s theorem, wave equation, Electromagnetic waves in vacuum, energy and momentum in electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves in matter, Reflection and transmission at normal incidence, Reflection and transmission at oblique incidence. Electromagnetic waves in conductors, reflection at a conducting surface, and frequency dependence of permittivity.     

Waveguides - Rectangular wave guides (uncoupled equations), TE mode, TM mode, wave propagation in the guide, wave guide resonators-TM mode to z, TE mode for z. Potential formulation - Scalar and vector potentials, Gauge transformations, Coulomb and Lorentz gauge, retarded potentials, Lienard-Wiechert potentials, the electric and magnetic fields of a moving point charge.

Electric dipole radiation, magnetic dipole radiation, Power radiated by a point charge, radiation reaction, mechanism responsible for radiation reaction.         

Relativistic electrodynamics: Review of Lorentz transformations. Magnetism as a relativistic Phenomenon, Transformation of electric and magnetic Fields, Electric field of a point charge in uniform motion, Field tensor, Electrodynamics in tensor notation, Relativistic potentials.

[1].Sadiku, M. N. O. (2010). Elements of electromagnetics (4^th ed.): Oxford Press.

[2].Griffiths, D. J. (2002). Introduction to electrodynamics: Prentice-Hall of India.

[1].Panofsk, W. K. H., & Phillips, M. (2012). Classical electricity and magnetism (2^nd ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publishing Inc.

[2].Jackson, J. D. (2007). Classical electrodynamics (3^rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.

[3].Singh, R. N. (1991). Electromagnetic waves and fields. New York, NY: Tata McGraw Hill.

[4].Lorrain, P., & Corson, D. (1986): Electromagnetic fields and waves. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors.

This module is a continuation of the course on Quantum Mechanics-I, introduced in the first semester. In this module the students will be introduced to general formulation of quantum mechanics - alternative approach, momentum space, generalized uncertainty relation, angular momentum - spin angular momentum, addition of angular momentum, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, symmetry and consequences - origin of conservation laws, symmetry breaking and relativistic quantum mechanics - inclusion of relativistic effects into quantum realm, pair production, pair annihilation, spin magnetic moment etc. 

Hilbert space, Dirac’s bra and ket notation, projection operator and its properties, unitary transformation, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - Eigenvectors of set of commuting operators with and without degeneracy, complete set of commuting operators, coordinate and momentum representation. Equation of motion: Schrodinger picture, Heisenberg picture and Interaction picture. Generalized uncertainty relation. Harmonic oscillator solved by matrix method.   

Angular momentum operator, angular momentum as rotational operator, Concept of intrinsic spin, total angular momentum operator, commutation relations, ladder operators, eigenvalue spectrum of J² and J_z, Pauli spin matrices and eigenvectors of spin half systems, matrix representation of J_x, J_y and J_z, J² in |jm> basis, addition of two angular momenta, Evaluation of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, singlet and triplet states.

Translational symmetry in space and conservation of linear momentum, translational symmetry in time and conservation of energy, Rotational symmetry and conservation of angular momentum, symmetry and degeneracy, parity (space inversion) symmetry, even and odd parity.

Identical particles: Permutation symmetry, construction of symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions, spin statistics connection (Bosons and Fermions), Pauli exclusion principle, Slater determinant, scattering of identical particles.

Klein-Gordan equation for a free particle and its failures, Dirac equation for a free particle, Dirac matrices, orthonormality and completeness of free particle solutions, spin of the Dirac particle - positron, Dirac hole theory, Dirac equation for central potentials, magnetic moment of the Dirac particle, Non-relativistic approximation and spin-orbit interaction energy. Energy eigenvalues of hydrogen atom.

2. L. I. Schiff: Quantum Mechanics, McGraw Hill Publishers, 2012. 

3. P. A. M. Dirac: The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford, 1967.

2. P. M. Mathews and A. Venkatesan: Quantum Mechanics, TMH Publishers, 1995. 

3. J. J. Sakurai: Modern Quantum Mechanics, Pearon Education Asia, 2002. 

4. S. Gasiorowicz: Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1974.

5. K. Tamvakis: Problems & Solutions in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

6. R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton and M. Sands: The Feynman Lecture on Physics, Vol.III, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1966.

CIA 1: Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations before MST - 10 marks.

CIA 2: Mid-Sem Test (Centralized), 2 hours - 50 marks to be converted to 25 marks.

CIA 3: Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations after MST - 10 marks.

CIA 4: Attendance (76-79 = 1, 80-84 = 2, 85-89 = 3, 90-94 = 4, 95-100 = 5) - maximum of 5 marks.

A sound mathematical background is essential to understand and appreciate the principles of physics. This module is intended to make the students familiar with the applications of complex analysis, probability theory and group theory.  Also, the students will get a complete understanding of different numerical techniques.

Introduction, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Reimann conditions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor and Laurent expansion- poles, residue and residue theorem, classification of singularities, Cauchy's principle value theorem, evaluation of integrals, applications.

Elementary probability theory, Random variables, Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions-central limit theorem.

Basic definitions and concepts of group - point, cyclic groups,  Multiplication table, Subgroups, Cosets and Classes, Permutation Groups, Homomorphism and isomorphism, Reducible and irreducible representations, Schur’s lemmas and great orthogonality theorem, Elementary ideas of Continuous groups - Lie, rotation, unitary groups- GL(n), SO(3), SU(2), SO(3,1), SL(2,C).

Direct solutions of Linear equations: Solution by elimination method, Basic Gauss elimination method, Gauss elimination by pivoting. Matrix inversion method, Iterative solutions of linear equations: Jacobi iteration method, Gauss Seidel method. Roots of nonlinear equations: Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method. Curve fitting by regression method: Fitting linear equations by least squares method, fitting transcendental   equations, fitting a polynomial function.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Numerical integration: Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson’s 1/3 rule and Simpsons 3/8 rule. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta method (2nd order and 4th order methods). 

Freely falling body, motion of a projectile, simple harmonic motion, motion of charged particle in an electric field, motion of charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, solution of time independent Schrodinger equation.

2. Dass, T., & Sharma, S. K. (2009). Mathematical methods in classical and quantum physics: Universities Press.

3. Balaguruswamy, E. (2002). Numerical methods. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.

5. Prakash, S. (2004). Mathematical physics: S. Chand and Sons.

6. Rajaraman, V. (2002). Computer oriented numerical methods (3^rd ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of IndiaPvt Ltd.

7. Joshi, A.W. (1997). Elements of group theory for physicists: New Age International.

8. Sastry, S. S.  (1995). Introductory methods of numerical analysis (2^nd ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

9. Baumslag, B., & Chandler, B. (1968). Group theory - Schaum’s series: McGraw-Hill Education.

 The research techniques and tools program is intended to equip students with the necessary software and data analysis knowledge in carrying out research projects. The students are exposed to the principles, procedures and techniques of implementing a research project. In this module the students are exposed to elementary scientific methods, various data analysis techniques, plotting routines etc.

Introduction to data analysis - least-squares fitting of linear data and non-linear data - exponential type data - logarithmic type data - power function data and polynomials of different orders. Fitting of linear, Non-linear, Gaussian, Polynomial, and Sigmoidal type data - Fitting of exponential growth, exponential decay type data - plotting polar graphs - plotting histograms - Y error bars - XY error bars - data masking. Review of Plotting (Python/Excel/Origin).

Quantitative techniques (Error Analysis) - General steps required for quantitative analysis - reliability of the data -classification of errors–accuracy–precision-statistical treatment of random errors-the standard deviation of complete results - error proportion in arithmetic calculations - uncertainty and its use in representing significant digits of results - confidence limits - estimation of detection limit.

Understanding the need, basic guidelines, content and process for Value Education, Right understanding of self, happiness, respect, integrity, relationships, etc. Understanding the harmony in self, family and professional areas, Understanding and living in harmony at various levels. 

Ethics -Definitional aspects; relevance of ethics in society, The philosophical basis of ethics, considerations on moral philosophy- personal and family ethics, fundamental values in professionals such as dispassion, moral integrity, objectivity, dedication to public service and empathy for weaker sections and non-corruptibility, Ethics at the workplace- cybercrime, plagiarism, sexual misconduct, fraudulent use of institutional resources, etc.

1. C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, 2nd. ed. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers, 2009.

2. R. Panneerselvam, Research Methodology, New Delhi: PHI, 2005.

3. P. Oliver, Writing Your Thesis, New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 2004.

This lab module is devoted to experiments in optics. The experiments are selected to introduce the students to various optical phenomena like, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization. Suitable experimental techniques are adopted to make the students familiar with the use of various optical equipments and measuring instruments.

1.      Wavelength of LASER light by interference and diffraction method. (Online/Offline)

2.      Thickness of mica sheet by optical method (Edser-Butler method). (Offline)

3.      Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid media (Kerosene & CCl₄).

4.      Study of polarized light using Babinet's compensator.

5.      Thermal expansion of a solid by optical interference method. (Offline)

 1.      Hartmann's constants and study of electronic absorption band of KMnO₄. (Offline)

 2.      Wavelength of Laser source and thickness of glass plate using Michelson Interferometer. (Online/Offline)

 3.      Coefficient of thermal and electrical conductivity of copper and hence to determineLorentz number. (Online)

 4.      Dielectric constant of benzene and CCl₄ molecules. (Offline/Offline)

 5.      (a) Size of lycopodium particles by diffraction method.(b) Refractive index of transparent material and a given liquid (Offline)

[1].   B. L. Worsnop and H. T. Flint: Advanced Practical Physics for students, Asia Publishing house, New Delhi 1984.

[1].   F. W. Sears, M. W. Zemansky and H. D. Young : University Physics, 6^th Edn., Narosa publishing house, 1998

[2].   M. S. Chauhan and S. P. Singh: Advanced practical physics, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.

[3].   S. Chadda and S. P. Mallikarjun Rao: Determination of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids Using Optical Diffraction By Short Acoustic Pulses, Am. J. Phys. 47, 464 (1979).

This module makes the students familiar with the use of computers for applications in Physics. The first few sessions will be used to make the students familiar with the basics of Python programming. It is followed by about ten experiments in solving problems using numerical techniques. 

1. Generate an online calculator, sum of ’n’ number and factorial of a number 

2. Generate the Fibonacci series, check whether the number is prime or not and print the prime numbers in a range of values

3. User defined matrix addition and multiplication, determine the determinant of a matrix.

4. Construct a logic gate simulator and solve the logic gate circuit.

5. Familiarisation with histogram, scatter and curve plotting techniques.

6. Solution of linear equations using Gauss elimination method

7. Iterative solutions of linear equations using Jacobi iteration method and Gauss Seidel method.

8. Roots of non linear equations using bisection method and Newton-Raphson method.

9. Linear fitting by regression method.

10. Numerical integration of a function using Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rules.

11. Euler's method and Runge-Kutta method to obtain the numerical differential of a function.

12. Linear regression - Least squares method to fit a straight line.

13. Problem of free fall using Runge-Kutta method.

14. Simple harmonic motion of a loaded spring using Euler’s method.

2. E. Balaguruswamy: Numerical Methods, TMH, New Delhi, 2002

3. Harsh Bhasin, Python for Beginners, New Age International (P) Ltd, 2019

This course has been conceptualized in order to give students an exposure to the fundamentals of nuclear and particle physics. Students will be introduced to the new ideas such as the properties and structure of nucleus, different theoretical approaches to the structure of nucleus, nuclear force, beta decay, neutrino hypothesis, Fermi’s  theory, interaction of nuclear radiations with matter and the principles behind the working of radiation detectors, fundamental particles and their interactions, particle accelerators.

Review on semi-empirical mass formula (Bethe-Weizsacker formula), stability of nuclei against beta decay, mass parabola, end point energy of beta particles and radius parameter for mirror nuclei. Fermi gas model - kinetic energy for the ground state, asymmetry energy. Nuclear shell model - magic numbers and evidences, prediction of energy levels in an infinite square well potential, spin-orbit interaction potential (extreme single particle shell model), prediction of spin, parity and magnetic moment of odd A nuclei, Schmidt diagrams, Nordheim’s rule for the prediction of spin and parity of odd Z-odd N nuclei.    

Nuclear force: Characteristics of nuclear force, short rage, saturation, charge independence, spin dependent, exchange characteristics, Ground state of the deuteron using square well potential, relation between the range and depth of the potential, Yukawa’s theory of exchange nature of nuclear force (qualitative only). 

Nuclear decay: Beta decay- Fermi’s theory of beta decay, Kurie’s plots and ‘ft’ values, selection rules, detection of neutrino, non-conservation of parity in beta decay, experimental proof. Gamma decay: selection rules, multipolarity, internal conversion process (qualitative).  

Types of nuclear reactions, conservation laws, cross section, differential cross section, energetics of nuclear reactions, threshold energy, direct and compound nuclear reactions, their mechanisms, Bohr’s independence hypothesis, Goshal experiment. Nuclear fusion and fission: Energy released in fusion and fission, neutron multiplication and chain reaction in thermal reactor, four factor formula, reactor and its components.  

Interaction of radiation with matter:Interaction of charged particles with matter - energy loss of heavy charged particles in matter, Bethe-Bloch formula. Energy loss of electrons and beta particles, absorption coefficient for beta rays. Interaction of gamma rays with matter - Photoelectric, Compton and Pair production, Coherent scattering (Rayleigh and Thomson), total interaction cross section and mass attenuation coefficient for gamma rays, scintillation detector, Scintillation mechanism in NaI(Tl), NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectrometer. Semiconductor radiation detectors - surface barrier detectors, Li ion drifted detectors (Si(Li) and Ge(Li)).

Elementary particles: Elementary particles and their properties, Fundamental interactions in nature, classification based on type of interaction, conservation laws, symmetry classification of elementary particles (SU2 and SU3 symmetry). Quark hypothesis, quark structures of mesons and baryons, quantum chromodynamics, recent developments.

M. Thomson: Modern Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

D. H. Frisch and A. M. Thorndike: Elementary Particles, D. Van Nostrand, 1964.

K. S. Krane: Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley, 2003.

R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam: Nuclear Physics, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1967. 

S. S. Kapoor and V. S. Ramamoorthy: Radiation Detectors, Wiley Eastern, 1986.

G. F. Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2nd Edn. John Wiley, 1989.

The course aims to give fundamental insights into solid state physics through a theoretical and experimental approach. The course gives an introduction to solid state physics, and the students are introduced to Structural and Electronic properties, Dielectrics and ferroelectrics, and Magnetic and Superconducting properties of solids.

Crystal structure: Review of crystalline state, Bravais lattice, Reciprocal lattice, Fourier expansion of lattice periodic functions (meaning of reciprocal lattice), General theory of x-ray diffraction, Ewald construction, Relation between Bragg and Laue theory.

Lattice dynamics: Elastic versus lattices waves, Vibrations in an infinite chain of atoms with one and two atoms per unit cell, Dispersion relations, Brillouin Zones, Group and phase velocities, Quantized vibrations, phonons, Density of states, Debye theory of specific heat, anharmonicity and thermal expansion.

Electronic structure: Periodic potential, Kronig-Penney Model, Schrodinger equation in a crystal potential (general form of the electronic states), Bloch theorem and properties of Bloch wave, General symmetry properties, Free electron and nearly free electron model of metals, Extended, reduced and periodic zone scheme, Construction of Brillouin Zones in one and two dimensions. Electronic specific heat, Classification of solids.

Optical processes: Optical reflectivity of metal, Plasma frequency, Direct and indirect band gap of semiconductor, Band-structure of GaAs and Si, Effective mass, Absorption processes, Excess carriers and Photoconductivity, Photovoltaic effect, Photoluminescence, Applications. 

Dielectrics: Macroscopic description, electric polarization and linear dielectrics, polarizability, sources of microscopic polarizations, theory of electronic, ionic and dipolar polarizability, local field and Clausius-Mosotti relation. Dipolar dispersion and Debye equation.

Ferroelectrics: Theory of ferroelectricity, ferroelectric domains and hysteresis, antiferroelectric materials, ferrielectric and Piezo-electric solids, multiferroics.

Magnetism: Origin of magnetic moments in atoms/ions, Hund’s rule, Crystal field effect, Quantum theory of paramagnetism and diamagnetism, Exchange Interactions and magnetic-order, Magnetic susceptibility, Weiss model of ferromagnetism, Magnetic domains, Pauli paramagnetism and band ferromagnetism, Stoner criterion.

Superconductivity: Discovery, Critical temperature and Field, Perfect diamagnetism and Meissner effect, Type I and Type 2 superconductors, Phenomenological theory, London equations, thermodynamics: specific heat and energy gap, The isotope effects, Microscopic BCS theory (qualitative), Coherence of superconducting state, Flux quantization and Josephson effect (qualitative), Recent advances in High Tc materials.

[2]. Omar, M. A. (1993). Elementary solid state physics - Principles and applications (1st ed.): Pearson.

[3]. Wahab, M. A. (2005). Solid state physics - Structure and properties of materials (2nd ed.): Alpha Science International.

[5]. Blundell, S. (2001). Magnetism in condensed matter: Oxford University Press. 

[6]. Pillai, S. O.  (2015). Solid state physics (7th ed.): New Age International Private Ltd.

[7]. Singleton, J. (2014). Band theory and electronic properties of solids (1st ed.): Oxford University Press.

This module is intended to introduce various aspects of modern physics. The module includes the study of Atomic physics, Molecular structure and molecular spectra, Vibrations of diatomic molecules, Electronic structure and electronic spectra, Laser physics.

Brief review of early atomic models of Bohr and Sommerfield. One electron atom - atomic orbitals, spectrum of hydrogen, Rydberg atoms, spin-orbit interaction and fine structure in alkali spectra. Equivalent and non-equivalent electrons. Zeeman effect, Paschen Back effect, Stark effect, Lamb shift in hydrogen (qualitative). Two electron atom - ortho and para states, and role of Pauli exclusion principle, level schemes of two electron atoms. Many electron atoms - Central field approximation, LS and JJ coupling, multiplet splitting and Lande interval rule.

Diatomic molecules as a rigid rotor, rotational spectra of rigid and non-rigid rotors, intensity of rotational lines, types of rotor - linear, symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top molecules.

Diatomic molecules as simple harmonic oscillator, anharmonicity, Morse potential curve, vibrating rotator and spectra. Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, vibrational coarse structure: progressions, intensity of vibrational-electronic spectra: Franck Condon principle, dissociation energy, rotational fine structure of electronic-vibration transitions, Fortrat diagram, predissociation. 

Lasers: Coherence of light, coherence of time, coherence length, types of coherence: temporal and spatial, population inversion techniques: electrical and optical pumping, building up of laser action, criteria for lasing, threshold conditions, He-Ne laser: energy level diagram, principle, construction and working. Applications.

Optical fibres: Importance of fibre optics, fibre materials, types of optical fibres: single mode and multimode with different refractive index profiles(qualitatively). Ray theory transmission - total internal reflection, acceptance angle, numerical aperture, transmission characteristics of optical fibres -attenuation and dispersion, optical fibre communication system (qualitative).

CIA 1

Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations Before MST -- 10

CIA 2

Mid-Sem Test (Centralized) MST 2 hours (50 marks) 25

CIA 3

Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations After MST -- 10

CIA 4

Attendance (76-79 = 1, 80-84 = 2, 85-89 = 3, 90-94 = 4, 95-100 = 5) -- 5

The course aims to develop an understanding of defects, diffusion and phase transitions in solids and how these affect the properties. The students will be introduced to various types of materials like polymers, ceramics, nanomaterials, composites. This module also gives an overview of various methods for the synthesis of single crystals, thin films and nanomaterials.

Introduction: Classification of materials, levels of structure, structure-property relationships. Fundamentals of crystal structures: Unit cell, FCC, BCC, HCP structures, Bravais lattices, miller indices.

Imperfections in solids: point defects-vacancies and self-interstitials, Schottky and Frenkel defects, impurities in solids, specification of composition, linear defects (edge and screw dislocations), interfacial defects (external surfaces, grain boundaries, twin boundaries and stacking faults), volume defects, Burger vector, slip and glide motions of dislocations, Frank-Read mechanism, work hardening of metals. 

Diffusion in solids: diffusion mechanisms, steady state diffusion, non-steady state diffusion, error functions, applications.

Polymers: Classification scheme for the characteristics of polymer molecules,thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, co-polymers. Stress-strain behavior, viscoelastic deformation, melting and glass transition of polymers.

Ceramics: introduction, classification of ceramics, glasses, melting and glass transition, glass-ceramics, clay products, refractories, structure of ceramics, silicate ceramics, mechanical and thermal properties of ceramic phases, applications. Composite materials: introduction, types of composites: particle reinforced composite-large composites, fiber reinforced composites and its stress-strain behavior, structural composites, applications

Nanomaterials: Quantum wells,wires,and dots,Concepts of quantum confinement,density of states, electrical, thermal, magnetic and optical properties of nanomaterials in low dimension, fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes: single wall, multi wall nanotubes, zig-zag, arm chair and helical nanotubes, semiconductor quantum dots.

Single crystals and its applications.Gibbs’s phaserule,Phase diagram of single-component Systems. Nucleation phenomena, Critical super-saturation, Homogeneous (Spontaneous) Nucleation, Heterogeneous nucleation, Nucleation on a substrate, Nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms of a crystalline material.

Crystal growth techniques: Growth from the melt: Czocharalski crystal pulling (CZ), Bridgman-Stockbarger technique, zone melting, advantages and disadvantages, Vapour growth: PVD, CVD and CVT, solution growth: low temperature solution growth, factors affecting solution growth, methods of crystallization, high temperature solution growth, flux growth, hydrothermal growth.

[4].      Callister, Jr. W. D. (2003). Material science and engineering: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

This course has been conceptualized in order to give students to get an exposure to the fundamentals of Electronic Instrumentation. Students will be introduced to the new ideas such as various types of sensors and transducers, detectors used in data acquisition. They learn the basics of amplifiers and data acquisition, filters and general electronic instruments. Computer interface instrumentation and Arduino based instrumentation also covered in this topic.

Transducers: Review on basic characteristics of measuring devices. Electrical transducer, Characteristics of a transducer. Variable inductance, capacitance and resistance transducer, Digital transducers. Wheatstone's strain gauge circuit. Piezoelectric pressure transducer, Resistance temperature sensors, Thermistor,

Detectors: Photo-electric effect, Photon Detectors: Classification – Photomultiplier – Photoconductive cell. Performance criterion - Noise consideration – Figure of merit. Characteristics parameter: sensitivity, noise, quantum efficiency, spectral response, Johnson noise, signal to noise ratio, background, calibration, Correlation measurements.

Amplifiers & filters: Preamplifier, Instrumentation amplifiers, Isolation amplifiers, Review of filters - Passive and active filters - Butterworth Filters, First order filter & Second order filter-Low pass filter, High pass filter, Band pass filter, band reject filter and narrow band reject filter, All pass filter, Pass reject filter, Frequency to voltage and voltage to frequency converters.

Data Acquisition systems: Characteristics, Signal conditioning, Single channel acquisition system, Multichannel acquisition system, Multiplexer, Digital to analog converter –weighted resistor and R-2R network, Analog to digital converter – Sample and hold circuits, Successive approximation and dual slope.

Cathode ray oscilloscopes. Digital voltmeters and multimeters, Electronic counters, AC millivoltmeter, Wave and spectrum analyzers. Signal generators – Wien bridge oscillator with amplitude control, Triangular and square wave generators, Function generator, Pulse generator

General form of PC based instrumentation system, Functional blocks of data acquisition configurations. Data acquisition with serial interfaces, serial connection formats, serial communication modes, Features of USB, USB system, USB transfer, USB descriptors. Arduino basics – programming, interfacing modules-–Sensors, LCD, DC motor, camera. Signal acquisition using Arduino.

[3].      Patranibis, D. (1994). Principles of industrial instrumentation. New York, NY: Tata McGraw Hill.

This course will provide a basic introduction to various topics in astronomy such as Celestial sphere, an overview about various observing techniques in imaging and spectroscopy, a concise introduction to our Sun and provides a detailed outlook about various layers in the star and about the major heat transfer mechanisms. This course is even suited for a physics student who is not having a previous background in Astrophysics.

Spectral classification of stars, Luminosity classification, Hertzsprung Russell diagram: magnitude, flux, luminosity, bolometric magnitude, bolometric correction; Distance modulus, Color index, reddening, extinction; Color temperature, Effective temperature; zero-age main sequence

Stellar groups: Binaries, moving groups, star clusters Stellar dynamics: Distance measurement methods, parallax, Proper motion, Radial Velocity, Glimpse of Gaia mission and related survey programs

Spherical Astronomy: Celestial sphere, Coordinate systems, Solar and Sidereal times, Observation techniques/methods: photometry, astrometry, spectroscopy, polarimetry, interferometry (qualitative discussion), Atmospheric transparency, Telescopes and detectors at different wavelengths, bandpass fliters in optical and IR, active/adaptive optics.

Spectroscopy: Brief overview of atomic and molecular spectra, Absorption and emission lines, signal to noise ratio; Boltzmann equation, Saha ionization formula, Excitation temperature, Kinetic temperature, Line broadening mechanisms, curve of growth analysis, Basic spectrograph design.

Solar atmosphere: Interior of the Sun, Chromosphere, Corona, chromospheric heating, types of corona, correlation with optical depth, solar neutrino problem; Magnetic field in the Sun: sunspots, solar cycle, Butterfly diagram, Magnetic dynamo theory, solar wind, heliosphere, Sun-Earth interaction, Sun as a star, helioseismology, Active stars

Discussion on the planetary architecture of the solar system, Brief overview of the planetary atmospheres, formation of the solar system, Exoplanets: detection methods, Kepler mission results, planet migration, measuring the mass, radius and temperature of exoplanets, theories of planet formation.

Structure of low mass and high mass stars (qualitative), Hydrostatic equilibrium, equation of state, mean molecular weight, expressions for gas pressure and radiation pressure, Gravitational potential energy, Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale, Nuclear fusion: Fusion reactions – p-p chain, CNO cycle, triple-alpha process, energy generation rate, nuclear timescale, energy transport mechanisms in stars, temperature gradient for radiative and convective process, Overview of stellar structure equations, Schwarzschild criterion, Vogt-Russell theorem, mass - luminosity relation.

Ten general experiments are included in Laboratory 5. The experiments are selected from core areas of advanced physics (nuclear physics, solid state physics and modern physics). Suitable experimental approaches are adopted to make the students familiar with the concepts, equipments and applications.

1.     Study of nuclear counting statistics.

2.     Study of absorption of β particles in Al, range and end-point energy of β particles in Al.

3.     Study of γ-ray spectrum of Cs-137 using gamma ray spectrometer (using SCA & MCA)

4.     Study of attenuation of γ-rays in lead using NaI(Tl) detector spectrometer.

5.     Study of Hall effect in semiconductors.

6.     Determination of Lande’s g-factor using ESR spectrometer.

7.     Study of emission spectrum of neon using constant deviation spectrograph.

8.     Study of vibrational band spectrum of aluminum oxide.

9.     Determination of magnetic susceptibility by Quinke’s method.

10.  Study of Zeeman effect - determination of e/m for an electron.

11.  Analysis of NMR spectrum of 2-3 dibromopropionic acid. 

12.  Analysis of IR spectrum of benzaldehyde.

1.  G. Aruldhas: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, PHI, New Delhi, 2001.

2.  C. P. Slitcher: Principles of magnetic resonance, Springer Verlag, 1980.

3. B. P. Straughan and S. Walker: Spectroscopy, Vol. 1. Chapman and Hall, 1976.

1.    S. N. Goshal: Nuclear Physics, 2nd Edn, S. Chand and Co, 2005.

2.    S. S. Kapoor and V. S. Ramamoorthy: Radiation Detectors, Wiley Eastern, 1986.

3.  G. F. Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2nd Edn, John Wiley, 1989.

This paper is intended to provide importance to the basic principles, theory and experimental details for understanding the structure, properties and applications of materials. Ten experiments are included to cover Laboratory-6, Materials Science-I

1.     Recording and analysis of Au X-ray photograph by Debye-Scherrer method

2.     Recording and analysis of Tungsten X-ray photograph by Debye-Scherrer method

3.     Recording and analysis of Cu X-ray photograph by Debye-Scherrer method

4.     Measurement of density of Urea and KCl crystals by floatation method

5.     Determination of ratio of crystallographic axes of a crystal by optical method

6.     Analysis of single crystal rotation photograph of NaCl

7.     Analysis of powder diffractogram of NaCl

8.     Study of variation of dielectric constant with temperature-ferroelectric sample

9.     Activation energy of point defects

10.  Study of thermal expansion of a crystal by optical interference method

[2] L. H. Van Vlack: Elements of materials science and engineering, Addison Wesley, New York 1989.

[2] J. C. Anderson, K. D. Leaver, J. M. Alexander and R. D. Rawlings: Materials science, Nelson, London 1974.

[3] V. Raghavan: Materials science and engineering, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi 2004.

[4] W. D. Callister: Materials science and engineering an introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1994.

[5]  M. A. Omar: Elementary solid state physics- Principles and applications, Addison- Wesley, 2000.

This lab module makes the students familiar with the design and working electronic instruments employed for measurement of various physical parameters in a laboratory environment.

 List of experiments (online/offline)

1.      Random access memory (RAM) -Using IC 54/7489

 2.      Analog to digital conversion (ADC) using AD ADC 0804

 3.      Digital to analog converter (DAC) -by IC MC1408 and current to voltage converter.

 4.      Instrumentation amplifier –Using OP-AMP and transducer bridge

 5.      Multiplexer and demultiplexer-( IC 74151, IC74138)

 6.      Encoder and priority encoder- (IC74148 and IC74147)

 7.      Decoder and seven segment display- (IC 74LX138 and IC7447)

 8.      Adjustable voltage and current regulator using LM317

 9.      Dual voltage regulator using 78XX and 79XX and bridge rectifier

 10.  Experiments with phase sensitive detector - Mutual inductance of a coil and low resistance of copper

 11.  Interfacing of an ADC to a COM port

 12.  Arduino - Interfacing LED and LCD

 13.  Arduino - Interfacing Sensors - Distance measurement using ultrasonic sensor.

 14.  Arduino - Interfacing camera module and image acquisition.
 

List of online experiments

1. Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
2. 4- Bit Synchronous or Asynchronous Counter using JK Flip Flop
3. Analog to Digital Converter and Digital to Analog Converter
4. Characteristics of thermistor
5. Range measurements using Ultrasonic sensor and Arduino
6. Temperature sensor and Arduino

This module introduces the students to the exciting filed of astrophysics. This covers the topics such as Fundamentals of Astrophysics, Astronomical Techniques, Sun & Solar system and Stellar Structure.

1. To extract the spectrum of a star using IRAF.

2. Comparative analysis of absorption and emission spectrum of a star.

3. Wavelength calibration of the stellar spectrum using IRAF.

4. Continuum normalization of the spectrum.

5. Line identification and classification of stellar spectrum.

6. Estimation of the equivalent width of spectral lines

7. Converting the fits file to text and plotting with python.

8. Determine the age and distance of a cluster with CLEA software.

Additional experiments

• Site extinction measurements from Kavalur.

• To estimate the mass of binary star system.

• To study the proper motion of stars in clusters and moving groups

• Discussion on telescope and CCD characterisics.

• Study of variable stars.

This module introduces the students to various aspects of teaching technologies, philosophy of teaching and various resources of teaching and evaluation. First part of the module deals with teaching, learning and evaluation tools. The second part deals with ethical issues, professionalism and human values of teaching profession

Individual and social aim of education. Functions of education – at individual level, national level, and global level. Meaning and functions of philosophy; Branches of philosophy: Metaphysics, epistemology and axiology; Relationship between philosophy and education with respect to teacher, student, curriculum, and teaching, Pattern of teacher training, Stakeholders in teacher Education: Responsibilities and expectations, Professional prospects for teachers, Characteristics of teaching profession, aims and activities for professional development.

Printed Resources: Online resources: Concept of ICT integration in teaching and learning, National Policy on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education- Infrastructure - Digital Resources - Capacity Building- ICT for children with special needs; skill development. Evaluation, SWAYAM- Study webs of active learning for young aspiring minds, MEC- Massively Empowered Classroom.

Understanding the need, basic guidelines, content and process for Value Education, Right understanding about self, happiness, respect, integrity, relationships, etc. Understanding the harmony in self, family and professional areas, Understanding and living in harmony at various levels.

Ethics -Definitional aspects; relevance of ethics in society, The philosophical basis of ethics, considerations on moral philosophy- personal and family ethics, basic values in professionals such as dispassion, moral integrity, objectivity, dedication to public service and empathy for weaker sections and non-corruptibility, Ethics at the workplace- cybercrime, plagiarism, sexual misconduct, fraudulent use of institutional resources, etc.