Syllabus for
Master of Science (Forensic Science)
Academic Year  (2021)

Forensic Science is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. Forensic science uses all the principles of various branches of science and applies them in experiments to draw an exact conclusion. In M Sc.Forensic Sciences, one needs to study the various principles and theories that are applicable in Forensic science. The duration of Master of Science in Forensic Sciences is two academic years. The syllabus for the course is divided into four semesters and it is career orienting in nature.

The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) internal evaluation and (b) external evaluation. 50% weightage shall be given to the internal evaluation and the remaining 50% to external evaluation and the ratio and weightage between internal and external is 1:1.  (a) Internal evaluation: The internal evaluation shall be based on a predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars, and attendance in respect of theory courses and based on written tests, lab skill/records/viva, and attendance in respect of practical courses.

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of forensic photography techniques with management of crime scene in different situations.

Introduction and history and development of forensic science, Laws and Basic principles of Forensic Science, Need Scope, Concepts and Significance of Forensic Science, Branches of forensic science, Organizational set-up of a Forensic Science Laboratory. Investigative strategies. Role and responsibilities of forensic expert at crime scene, Expert testimony and eye-witness report.

Toolmark evidence. Classification of toolmarks. Forensic importance of toolmarks. Collection, preservation and matching of toolmarks. Restoration of erased serial numbers and engraved marks. Tool marks & restoration of erased / obliterated marks:Types of tool marks: compression marks, striated marks, combination of compression and striated marks, repeated marks, class characteristics and individual characteristics, tracing and lifting of marks, Photographic examination of tool marks. Method of making-cast, punch, engrave; methods of obliteration, method of restoration. Forensic gemmology[DAC1] .

2. Sharma, B.R; Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials, Universal Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003

3. James, S.H and Nordby, J.J; Forensic Science- An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, USA, 2003.

4. Saferstein; Criminalistics- An Introduction of Forensic Science, Prentice Hall Inc, USA,2007.

6. Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015.

7. Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

8. Kumar K., Forensic Ballistics in Criminal Justice (1^st edition), Eastern Book Company, 2015.

9. Ramachandran R., Scientific techniques in criminal investigation (2^nd edition), Kamal Publishers, 2021.

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept and scope of crime. It will familiarize students with types of crime and its effects as well its prevention. The course would highlight about criminal behavior and related theories. The course aims to discuss the concept of Juvenile delinquency and Victimology. It will disseminate information to students with specific criminal Law, Indian Penal Code: sections, Criminal Procedure Code and police Administration.

- To understand concept of crime and recent development in its control and prevention.

- To study the aim and scope of criminology.

-  To elucidate Criminal profiling and modus operandi, portrait parley, voice stress analysis

- To describe History and development of police administration; Police duties, 

Definition, concept and scope of crime. Concept of criminal, Types of crime. Factors in crime, crime trends among youth, genesis and topology of youth crime, terrorism, sexual offences, effects, control and prevention of crime. latest developments in prevention of crime.

History and development of police administration; Police duties, responsibilities and powers. Organization and structure of police station; maintenance of crime records and accountability of police to law. People and society. Limitations on powers, Custodial crimes, Police and Human Rights. Dimensions of police accountability in India.

2. Gross. H; Criminal Investigation- A Practical Textbook for Magistrates, Police Officers, and Lawyers; Universal Law Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2000.

3. Lyman, M.D; Criminal Investigation – The Art &the Science, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002.

4. Jack Fitzgerald Statistics for Criminal Justice and Criminology in Practice and Research, CRC press, 2013.

6. The Indian Evidence Act (1872), Amendment Act; Universal Law Publishing Co., 2003.

7. The Code of Criminal Procedure (1973) Amendment Act, (2001); Universal Law Publishing Co., 2002.

8. Rattan Lal & Dhiraj Lal; The Indian Penal Code, 28th Ed. Wadhwa& Co. Nagpur, 2002.

9. Walter S. De Keseredy, Contemporary Critical Criminology, Routledge  publisher, 2021. 

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The objective of this course is to introduce specialized techniques and their application in forensic science. The students will be able to understand the atomic & molecular spectroscopy, physical instrumentation techniques, radiochemical and nuclear techniques, biological and biochemical techniques with their general principles involved as well as their applied aspects.

To know about the concept of Spectroscopy, electromagnetic spectrum, sources of radiation, their utility and limitations.

To describe the different Physical instrumentation techniques.

To understand basic principles and theory of radiochemical techniques.

To highlight general principles of biological and biochemical techniques.

Light Microscopy: Basics (Simple and compound, Magnification, Resolution and parts of microscope), Lens and aberrations, Different light microscopy techniques: Bright Field, Dark Field, Phase Contrast, Polarized Light. Comparison, Stereo-Zoom and Fluorescence microscopy techniques

Electron Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Applications in Forensics

Basic Concept: Structure, composition and properties of Proteins and Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), Restriction Endonucleases, Repeat Sequences (STR and VNTR).

Gel Electrophoresis: Agarose, Capillary gel electrophoresis, PAGE and SDS-PAGE, 2D Gel Electrophoresis & Iso-Electric Focusing. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Hybridization (Northern and Southern), and DNA Fingerprinting (RFLP and AFLP)

Antibodies: Structure, Types, Western Blot and ELISA, Flow Cytometry, Applications in Forensics

Conventional sources for UV, visible and infrared rays, sources for shorter wavelength radiations (X-ray tubes), radioactivity, Laser (He, Ne Argon, ion, dye lasers, semiconductor-lasers) a source of radiation, interaction of radiation with matter; reflection, absorption, transmission, fluorescence, phosphorescence

Colorimetry and Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fluorescence Spectrometers/Fluorometers, Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, Chemiluminescence spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry (Ionization Types-CI, FAB, EI, ESI and MALDI, Mass analyzers: Quadrupole, Triple quadrupole and TOF), Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer, Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray based technique (EDX, WDX and XRD), Applications in Forensics

Chromatography Basics:Types of Chromatography techniques (Column, TLC and Paper; Solid-Liquid, Liquid-Liquid and Gas-Liquid)), Analytical-Semi Preparative and Preparative

Liquid Chromatography: Stationary phases (Adsorption, Ion Exchange, Size Exclusion, Affinity, RP/HIC, Mixed mode), Quality parameters (Resolution, Asymmetry Factor and HETP), Detectors (UV-Vis and Mass), HPLC and UPLC

Gas Chromatography: Basics of Instrumentation, Column Properties, Stationary phases (Polar and Non-Polar), Detector (Flame Ionization Detector)

Centrifugation: Basics (Principle, RPM & RCF), Types (Differential, Zone, Rate Zonal and Density gradient), Rotors, Scale (Laboratory and Preparative)

Applications in Forensics

2. Stuart H. Barbara, Forensic Analytical Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

3. Subrahmanyam, N. &Lal B; A text Book of Optics, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 2004.

4. Skoog A. Douglas, Holler James F. & Crouch R. Stanley, Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7^th edition), Cengage, 2018

6. Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015

7. David J. Thomas & Lewis M. James, Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice, Mica Haley, 2018.

The objective of this course is to disseminate the knowledge about various types of forensic documents including genuine, forged and holographic documents. It also aims to discuss the principles of handwriting, its identification, tools needed for forensic document examination & their use in forensic science. The course wild explain the typewritten, printed documents and forgery detection techniques to students

-Students will be able to learn writing features, their estimation, general characteristics, individual characteristics, ethnic and gender variability of handwriting, various types of forgeries and their detection.

-Students will be able to identify typescripts, various types of printing processes and their examination.

-Students will be able to determine identification of age of documents by examination of signatures, paper, ink etc.

Nature and problems of document examination, classification of questioned documents, Specimen/Admitted writings/type writings, handling, preservation of documents, importance of natural variation and causes of natural variation, Disguise writing, characteristics of disguise writing and its examination,  various types of forensic documents- genuine and forged documents, holographic documents, tampered documents, principles of handwriting identification, basic tools needed for Forensic Document Examination & their use in analysis of paper and inks, TLC, LC, Video spectral comparator, ESDA.

General characteristics of handwriting; class and individual characteristics, Various writing features and their estimation, ethnic and gender variability of handwriting, Forgery, various types of forgeries and their identical characteristics, identification of forger, examination of signatures – characteristics of genuine and forged signatures, identification of writer of anonymous letters, application of Forensic Stylistics/Linguistics in the identification of writer, examination of built-up documents and determination of sequence of strokes.

Type writers and their individuality, Identification of typescripts-identification of typist, various types of printing processes, identification of printed matter including printing of security documents and currency notes, identification of electronic typewriters, dot matrix, inkjet and laser jet printers, examination of black and white and color photocopies, scanned copies, fax messages and carbon copies. Indian passport/visas,

Determination of age of documents, paper, ink etc., Examination of alterations, erasures, over writings, additions and obliterations, document analysis for decipherment of obliterated and secret writings, charred documents and indentation marks, examination of seal, rubber and other mechanical impressions, examination of counterfeit currency notes, stamp papers, postal stamps, examination of fake credit cards, e-documents, digital signatures, preliminary examination of documents, various computerized approach in documents examination.

2.  Sharma R. B., Firearms in Criminal investigation & Trial (5^th edition), Universal Law Publishing, 2017.

3. Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

4. Lewis A. Jane, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals and current trends, Academic Press, 2014.

6. Morris, R.N; Forensic Handwriting Identification, Academy Press, London, 2001.

7. Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015

8. Lerinson, J; Questioned Documents, Academy Press, London, 2001.

9. Katherine, M. K; CDE-Forensic Document Examination-Humana Press, New Jersey, 2007.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

1.      To understand the theoretical basis of conducting research

2.      To design a research

3.      Understanding the importance of the research paper

       4.      To impart knowledge regarding the ethics in research

·         Find gaps in the existing research of their interest and conduct the research accordingly

·         Write a research proposal.

·         Publish research and review articles in the journal with impact factor.

       ·           Write a project report as well as research paper.

Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical); Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem; Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review; Hypothesis -Null and alternate hypothesis and testing of hypothesis -Theory, Principle.

Research Design -Basic principles, Meaning, Need and features of good design, Important concepts; Types of research designs; Development of a research plan -Exploration, Description, Diagnosis, Experimentation, determining experimental and sample designs, Research process, tools of Data collection; interview, schedule, survey, Questionnaire, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies. Scaling process; nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio, significance of scaling in research, Statistics; importance, significance. Measures of central tendency; mean, median, mode. Measures of dispersion; mean deviation, Variance standard deviation. Correlation and types of correlation; Karl Pearson, rank correlation, 

Workbook maintenance, Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

Sources of Information -Primary and secondary sources; Library - books, Journals: Indexing journals, abstracting journals, research journals, review journals, e-journals. Impact factor of journals, NCBI-Pub Med.; periodicals, reference sources, abstracting and indexing sources, Reviews, Treatise, Monographs, Patents. Internet -Search engines and software, Online libraries, e-Books, e-Encyclopedia, TED Talk, Institutional Websites; Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks, plagiarism, Geographical indications; Safety and precaution - ISO standards for safety, Lab protocols, Lab animal use, care and welfare, animal houses, radiation hazards; Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Animal Ethical Committees and Constitution.

2.       Dawson, C. Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi. 2002.

2.       Ruzin, S.E. Plant micro technique and microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A., 2009.

3.       Best, John, W.& Kahn, James. Research in Education, 5th ed., Prentice–Hall of India Pvt Ltd: New Delhi. 2006

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of forensic photography techniques with management of crime scene in different situations.

 To elucidate research methodologies and techniques used in the formation of research design on a specific problem.

 Describe Crime scene investigations, Reconstruction of scene of crime, basic principles of photography and its relevance.

1. To carry out photography of indoor and outdoor crime scenes

2. Crime scene photographic processing and development in different light sources and using different filters.

3. To carry out digital photography of various forensic evidences.

4. Mock crime scene investigation and writing a report on evaluation of crime scene.

5. Collection, handling and preservation of various evidences (Fingerprints, blood, saliva, fibers hairs, etc.).

6. Various searching methods of evidences.

7. Interpretation of crime scene notes, photos, sketches and reconstruction of crime scene

8. Microscopy of various physical evidences recovered from crime scene

9. Expert testimony in a mock court case scenario.

1. Identification of Class and Individual Characteristics of Handwriting.

2. Study of natural variations and fundamental divergences in handwriting.

3. Comparison of questioned and admitted handwriting’s samples.

4. Detection of Simulated forgery.

5. Detection of traced forgery.

6. Study of Disguise in handwriting.

7. Comparison of Typewritten scripts.

8. Security documents and Currency note examination.

9. Care, handling, preservation, marking, packing and forwarding of documents    

2. Sharma, B.R; Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials, Universal Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003

3. James, S.H and Nordby, J.J; Forensic Science- An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, USA, 2003.

4. Saferstein; Criminalistics- An Introduction of Forensic Science, Prentice Hall Inc, USA,2007

6. Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015.

7. Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

8. Kumar K., Forensic Ballistics in Criminal Justice (1^st edition), Eastern Book Company, 2015.

9. Ramachandran R., Scientific techniques in criminal investigation (2^nd edition), Kamal Publishers, 2021.

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End semester Examination – 100 marks

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of forensic photography techniques with management of crime scene in different situations.

CO 2 To elucidate research methodologies and techniques used in the formation of research design on a specific problem.

CO 3 Describe Crime scene investigations, Reconstruction of scene of crime, basic principles of photography and its relevance.

1.      Spectrophotometric/Colorimetric estimation of protein by Lowry’s method

2.      Light microscopy and measurement of Diatom specimen by micrometry method

3.      Thin Layer Chromatography

4.      Ink and Pigment separation

5.      Study of Chromatogram (GC/LC) and identification of compounds based on standard match

6.      Study and identification of scheduled drug by Mass Spectrometry based method

7.      Spectral scanning and identification of a few scheduled drugs

8.      Isolation of blood lymphocytes by density gradient centrifugation method and count in hemocytometer

9.      DOT ELISA

10.  Primer Design for PCR, manual and software-based method

11.  Demonstration of various analytical instruments: Gel Electrophoresis (DNA and Protein), Microscopy (Phase Contrast, Bright Field, Fluorescence), Chromatography (HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS), AAS and FTIR

2. Stuart H. Barbara, Forensic Analytical Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

3. Subrahmanyam, N. &Lal B; A text Book of Optics, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 2004.

4. Skoog A. Douglas, Holler James F. & Crouch R. Stanley, Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7^th edition), Cengage, 2018

6. Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015

7. David J. Thomas & Lewis M. James, Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice, Mica Haley, 2018.

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End semester Examination – 100 marks

The objective of this course is to disseminate the knowledge about various types of forensic medicine and forensic documentation. It also aims to discuss the principles of handwriting, its identification, tools needed for forensic document examination & their use in forensic science. The course wild explain the typewritten, printed documents and forgery detection techniques to students

-demonstrate knowledge and understand some basic principles and concepts of Forensic medicine.

-apply knowledge and understand various scientific principles to write and read forensic documentation.

-Possess high awareness of major issues and development of research areas in Forensic medicine.

-Understand various aspects of Indian Law and related sections. 5. Posses laboratory skills to exacting standards of precision and care

Identification of blood stains: Presumptive tests- Benzidine test, Phenolphthalein test, Leucomalachite test, Tetra-Methyl benzidine test and O-Tolidine, Luminol test. Confirmatory tests- Haemochromogen test, Haematin test and Haemin test. Typing of blood antigens from dried stains. Latte’s test, Absorption Elution, Absorption Inhibition, Mixed agglutination.

Identification of seminal stains; Presumptive Tests-Acid Phosphatase Test, Barberios Test and Florence Crystal Test. Confirmatory Test -Sperm Detection.

Identification of saliva stains: Starch iodine test, Radial gel diffusion and examination of buccal epithelial cells.

Identification of Urine stains: Physical examination, Odor Test, Urea nitrate crystal test and creatinine test.

Identification of vomit stains: Detection of Mucus, Free HCL and Endothelial cells.

Identification of faecal stains:microscopic detection of undigested food particles, vegetables material and muscle fibers, Urobilinogen Test.

Diatoms and Pollen grains, Collection of insects, preservation and shipments of insects, identification and Forensic Significance. Microorganism in biological warfare.

Human Body – External Morphology. Introduction of human Skelton. Gross morphology of long bones and human dentition. Bite marks- Forensic significance. Hair structure and it’s growth. Phases of growth and growth rate. Hair characteristics from various body parts. Sex, age and race from hair. Forensic examination and comparison of hair. Determination of species from hair, Forensic significance of hair. Types of vegetable fibers and their identification

Definition of forensic medicine, cause, manner and characteristics of death. Thanatology- Stages of death. Suspended animation. Determination of time since death, Modes of death. Signs of death and changes following death. Autopsy, Estimation of PM Interval. Entomological evidence and their collection. Deaths due to Asphyxia, Deaths due to fire, electrocution. Starvation, drowning cases, Various Sexual offences and amendment in IPC.

Injuries –Classification and Medico-legal Aspects. Mechanical Injuries. Firearm Injuries. Thermal Injuries. Explosion Injuries. Electrical Injuries. Atmospheric Lightning. Radiation Injury. Regional Injuries. Traffic Accidents,

2. Barry, A.J. Fisher; “Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation”, 7th Ed, CRC Press, NY, 2003.

3. David J. Thomas & Lewis M. James, Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice, Mica Haley, 2018.

4. Butler M. John, Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing, Academic Press, 2010.

5. Chadha, PV; “Handbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology”, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2004.

7. Jones Richard & James-Payne Jason, Simpson’s Forensic Medicine (14^th edition), Taylor & Francis group, 2019.

8. Reddy Narayan S.K., The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (29^th edition), Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2017.

9. Rivers B. David & Dahlem A. Gregory, The Science of Forensic Entomology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

10. Sharma R. B., Firearms in Criminal investigation & Trial (5^th edition), Universal Law Publishing, 2017.

The objective of this course is to introduce chemical techniques and their application in forensic science. The students will be able to understand the importance of narcotic drug analysis, psychotrphic substances, biological and biochemical techniques with their general principles involved as well as their applied aspects.

 To know about the concept of forensic toxicology, their utility and limitations.

  To describe the different forensic toxicants and their app;ications.

  To understand basic principles and theory of radiochemical techniques.

 To highlight general principles of fire and explosive detecton.

Scope & significance of Forensic Chemistry, Types of cases/exhibits received for analysis.

Trap Cases: Collection, and Preliminary analysis of evidence in trap cases.

Alcoholic Beverages: Types of alcohols, country made liquor, illicit liquor, denatured spirits, Indian made foreign alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

Dyes: Scope & Significance of dyes in crime investigation, analysis of ink by TLC and UV visible spectrophotometry.

Petroleum products and their adulterations: Chemical composition of various fractions of Petroleum Products, Analysis of petrol, kerosene, diesel.

Forensic Toxicology - Scope and Significance. Classification of Poisons based on their mode of action, uses and origin. Poisons - Types, routes of administration, toxicity, sign and symptoms. Factors affecting the effect of poison, medico-legal aspects of poisoning cases. Common Poisoning in India: Pesticides: Different types and their formulations, identification of pesticides, standard or sub-standard or substituted pesticides.

Guidelines for collecting forensic evidences in poisoning cases at crime scene. Importance of Post mortem examination in poisoning cases. Sample preparation for the analysis of poisons in body tissues/fluids and analysis by various instrumental techniques.

Scope and significance NDPS drugs in forensic science, NDPS Act, Classification and characterization of NDPS drugs, Drug Law Enforcement, Search & Seizure, Sampling procedure, Forwarding of sample to FSL, Sample preparation for analysis, Preliminary analysis of drugs, Reporting of drug cases, Drug abuse, Drug addiction and its problems.

Fire: Introduction to Fire & Arson, origin of fire, Chemistry of Fire, Firefighting operations, preservation of fire scene, collection of evidences, Seat of fire, cause of fire, motives, Analysis of fire debris, Case studies related to fire and Arson.

Explosive and Explosion: Scope & significance of explosive analysis in forensic science, Types of explosives, deflagration and detonation, explosive trains, collection, preservation and forwarding of exhibits, preliminary analysis of explosives. Do‟s and Don‟ts. Case studies related to explosives.

2. Workman, J; Art Springsteen; Applied Spectroscopy- A compact reference for Practitioners, Academic Press, London, 1997.

3. Subrahmanyam, N. &Lal B; A text Book of Optics, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 2004.

4. Willard, H.H. Lynne L. Merrett, J. Dean, A. Frank, A. Settle. J; Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Edn.CBS pub.& Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

5. Khandpur, R.S; Handbook of Analytical Instruments, Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co.New Delhi, 2004.

2. Workman, J; Art Springsteen; Applied Spectroscopy- A compact reference for Practitioners, Academic Press, London, 1997.

3. Subrahmanyam, N. &Lal B; A text Book of Optics, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 2004.

4. Willard, H.H. Lynne L. Merrett, J. Dean, A. Frank, A. Settle. J; Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Edn.CBS pub.& Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

5. Khandpur, R.S; Handbook of Analytical Instruments, Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co.New Delhi, 2004.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of forensic photography techniques with management of crime scene in different situations.

-Understand the basic concept, meaning, significance and development of forensic ballistics and physics.

- elucidate  techniques used in the development of firearms .

-describe Crime scene investigations, Reconstruction of scene of crime, basic principles of criminalistics and forensic engineering.

History and development of firearms- their classification and characteristics, various components of small arms, smooth bore and rifled firearms, bore and caliber, shotgun barrels, chokes - their degrees and types; different automatic mechanisms used in small arms – blow back, recoil operated and gas operated mechanisms, rifling, class characteristics of rifled bore, purpose of rifling, methods to produce rifling; trigger and firing mechanism, trigger pull, accidental discharge of firearms, country-made firearms, improvised and imitation firearms.

Types of ammunition, nomenclature, percussion caps and their types, various priming composition, propellants, types of cartridge cases, their heads, various types of bullets and their compositional aspects. Safety aspects about handling of firearms and ammunition.

Physical evidence available in crime involving firearms, principles and practice of identification of firearms, class and individual characteristics, various marks on fired cartridge cases and bullets, test firings, techniques of obtaining test materials, comparison microscope and matching of marks on evidence and test exhibits, automated bullet-cartridge identification system – IBIS and NIBIN. Estimation of range of firing: burning, blackening, tattooing, spread of pellets, Walker‟s test. Chemical tests of copper and lead around gunshot holes.

Gun-Shot Residue: Gun-Shot Injuries – caused by shotguns, rifles, revolvers, pistols, evaluation of gunshot injuries. Dermal nitrate test, why was it abandoned, mechanism of formation of gunshot residue, various methods of lifting of gunshot residue, detection of GSR by AAS. Knowledge of Arms Act.

Formation and types of soil, composition of soil, particle size distribution, microscopic examination, density gradient analysis, interpretation of soil evidence, Types of glass and their composition, Forensic examination of glass fractures, determination of direction of impact: cone fracture, rib marks, hackle marks, color and fluorescence, physical matching, refractive index, and interpretation of glass evidence. Types of paint and their composition, macroscopic and microscopic studies, pigment distribution, micro-chemical analysis, solubility test, pyrolysis chromatographic techniques, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, interpretation of paint evidence.

Vocal anatomy, Speech signal processing and pattern recognition – basic factors of sound in speech, acoustic characteristics of speech signal, Vocal Formants, Forensic Voice Identification: analysis and recording of voice samples in trap/sting investigation., Fourier analysis, analysis of audio-video signal for authenticity, Introduction to the techniques of pattern recognition and comparison. Sound Spectrograph, Voice Spectrographic analysis, Computerized Approach

2.  Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015

3.Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

4. Skoog A. Douglas, Holler James F. & Crouch R. Stanley, Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7^th edition), Cengage, 2018

6. Kumar K., Forensic Ballistics in Criminal Justice (1^st edition), Eastern Book Company, 2015.

7.Sharma R. B., Firearms in Criminal investigation & Trial (5^th edition), Universal Law Publishing, 2017.

8. Fifield, F.W. and Kealy, D.; “Principles and practice of Analytical Chemistry”, 5th Edition, Blackwell Science, 2000.

9. Christian, G.D.; “Analytical Chemistry”, 6th Edition., John Wiley, 2004

10. Kealey, D. and Haines, P.J.; “Analytical Chemistry”, Bios Scientific/ Viva Books, 2002.

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of crime scene investigation, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of information crime and cyber crime laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of information techniques with management of crime scene in different situations. 

-Understand the basic concept, meaning, significance and development of Forensic science.

-elucidate techniques used in the formation of online crime scene investigation .

-describe Crime scene investigations, Reconstruction of scene of crime, basic principles of photography and its relevance.

Cyber Crime- Overview, Internal and External Attacks, Online and offline attacks.  Cybercrimes against Individuals – E-mail spoofing and other online frauds, Phishing and its forms, Spamming, Cyber defamation, Cyberstalking and harassment, Computer Sabotage, Pornographic offenses, Password Sniffing. Cybercrime against organization – Unauthorized access of computer, Denial-of-service (DOS) attack, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, Backdoors and Malwares (virus, Trojan horse, worms), E-mail Bombing, Salami Attack, Software Piracy, Industrial Espionage.  Cyber Security Policy, Security policies violations, Crimes related to Social Media, ATM, phishing/vishing frauds, Online and Banking Frauds. Intellectual Property Frauds. Cyber Crimes against Women and Children, Phases of cyber-attack.

Introduction to Computer Hardware - Various Components of a Computer, Micro-Processor, Memory, Data Storage Devices and Networking components. Understanding Computer Operating Systems (OS), Booting process of computers. Introduction to File Systems and its types. Networking- Digital and Analog Signaling Methods, Network Types and Topologies, Different types of IP Addresses, Network Hardware Devices and Client/Server Computing

Information Security - Overview of Information security, CIA Triad, Threats and Vulnerabilities and Risk, Policy, Standards, Procedures, Guidelines and Baselines. Information Asset Classification: Classification of Information, Information Assets – Owner, Custodian, User. Access control, Authentication and Authorization. Information assurance and defensive measures. Digital Document Security.

Cryptography: Definitions and Concepts, Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptosystems, Classical Encryption Techniques – Substitution Techniques, Transposition Techniques, Block Ciphers and Stream Ciphers, Hybrid Encryption Techniques, One-Time Pad. E-mail security, Internet and Web Security. Steganography and Steganalysis.

Digital Forensics- Introduction, Objective and Methodology, Rules of Digital Forensics, First responder - role, toolkit, do‟s & don‟ts; Search and Seizure of Volatile and Non-volatile Digital Evidence. Imaging and Hashing Digital Evidence, Introduction to deleted file Recovery; Overview of types of Computer Forensics – Network Forensics, Mobile Forensics, Social Media Forensics and E-mail Forensics. Seizing and preserving mobile devices. Methods of acquisition of evidence from mobile devices. Data Acquisition and Evidence Gathering from social media. Introduction to IT Act.

2. Shon Harris, “All in One CISSP, Exam Guide Sixth Edition”, McGraw Hill, 2013.

3. Bill Nelson, Amelia Phillips and Christopher Stuart; “Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations” – 3rd Edition, Cengage, 2010 BBS.

4. William Stallings; “Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practices”, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall Publication Inc., 2007.

6. Majid Yar; “Cybercrime and Society”, Sage Publications, 2006.

7. Michael E Whiteman and Herbert J Mattord; “Principles of Information Security”, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

8. Matt Bishop, “Computer Security Art and Science”, Pearson/PHI, 2002.

9. Peter Singer and Allan Fredman; “Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone needs to know”, Oxford University Press, 2014.

10. Raef Meeuwisse; “Cybersecurity for Beginners”, Icutrain Ltd., 2015.

Introduction to Statistics for Forensic Scientists is an essential introduction to the subject, guiding the students through the key statistical techniques used to evaluate various types of forensic evidence. With a brief overview of the history and use of statistics within forensic science, the students will be introduced to the different statistical techniques commonly used to examine data obtained during laboratory experiments. There is a strong emphasis on the evaluation of scientific observation as evidence and modern Bayesian approaches to interpreting forensic data for the courts.

The scope of statistics in forensic science; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of forensic photography techniques with management of crime scene in different situations.

 Understand the basic concept, meaning, significance and development of Forensic science.

To elucidate research methodologies and techniques used in the formation of research design on a specific problem.

 Describe Crime scene investigations, Reconstruction of scene of crime, basic principles of photography and its relevance.

1. Identification of blood stains using enzymatic and crystal tests

2. Identification of seminal stains using presumptive test, crystal test and detection of spermatozoa

3. Identification of saliva stains, preliminary examination and confirmatory examination.

4. Identification of urine stains, color test.

5. Microscopic Examination of Human and Animal Hairs

6. Microscopic Examination of Vegetable Fibers, solubility test and chemical tests.

7. Identification of commonly encountered inorganic poisons Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, Mercury by color test and microscopic examination.

8. Identification of ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol by color tests and microscopic examination.

9. Analysis of accelerants and incendiary in Arson cases by TLC and UV visible spectrophotometry.

11. Identification of explosives by color tests & group analysis.

12. Identification of NDPS drugs by color tests and TLC.

2. Siegel A. Jay & Mirakovits Kathy, Forensic Science the basic (3^rd edition), CRC Press, 2015.

3. Morrison R.T and Boyd R. N.; “Organic Chemistry”, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.

4. “Laboratory Procedure Manual: Petroleum Products”, Directorate of Forensic Science, MHA, Govt. of India, 2005.

5. “Working Procedure Manual on Chemistry”, Directorate of Forensic Science MHA Govt. of India, 2005.

7.  Ramachandran R., Scientific techniques in criminal investigation (2^nd edition), Kamal Publishers, 2021.

8. “Laboratory Procedure Manual: Forensic Toxicology”, Directorate of Forensic Science, MHA, Govt. of India, 2005.

9.  Stuart H. Barbara, Forensic Analytical Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

10.  Lewis A. Jane, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals and current trends, Academic Press, 2014.

11. “Working Procedure Manual- Chemistry, Explosives and Narcotics”, BPR&D, 2000.

12.. Bardale Rajesh, Principles of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2011.

13. Chadha, PV; “Handbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology”, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2004.

14. Modi, JP; “Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology”, N.M. Tripathi Pub, 2001.

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End semester Examination – 100 marks

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. It aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with the basics of forensic photography techniques with management of crime scene in different situations.

Understand the basic concept, meaning, significance and development of Forensic science.

elucidate research methodologies and techniques used in the formation of research design on a specific problem.

describe Crime scene investigations, Reconstruction of scene of crime, basic principles of photography and its relevance.

1. Examination of comparison of class and individual characteristics of fired bullets.

2. Examination and comparison of fired cartridge cases (caliber, firing pin marks, breech face marks, chamber marks, extractor and ejector marks)

3. Chemical tests for powder residue – Walker’s Test & barrel wash

4. Examination of physical properties of soil and microscopic examination.

5. Density gradient and particle size distribution and pH measurement of soil.

6.  Examination of physical properties of glass, physical examination of glass.

7.  Color and fluorescence examination of glass, Determination of refractive index of glass,

8. Examination of physical properties of paint, macroscopic and microscopic studies,

9. Micro-chemical analysis, solubility test, IR spectroscopy

10. Physical examination of fiber, microscopic examination, burning tests, solubility test and chemical examination

11. Comparison of different cloth pieces.

12.  Analysis and comparison of broken bangles piece.

13. Secure configuration of ports and services of Windows

14. Encrypting and Decrypting the partition using Bit locker.

15. Collection and preservation of Volatile data from standalone computer.

16. Imaging and recovery of deleted files and folders from storage media.

17. Secure Configuration of Ports and Services of Windows 7.

2.  Saferstein Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science (11^th edition), Pearson, 2015

3.Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

4. Skoog A. Douglas, Holler James F. & Crouch R. Stanley, Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7^th edition), Cengage, 2018

6. Kumar K., Forensic Ballistics in Criminal Justice (1^st edition), Eastern Book Company, 2015.

7.Sharma R. B., Firearms in Criminal investigation & Trial (5^th edition), Universal Law Publishing, 2017.

8. Fifield, F.W. and Kealy, D.; “Principles and practice of Analytical Chemistry”, 5th Edition, Blackwell Science, 2000.

9. Christian, G.D.; “Analytical Chemistry”, 6th Edition., John Wiley, 2004

10. Kealey, D. and Haines, P.J.; “Analytical Chemistry”, Bios Scientific/ Viva Books, 2002.

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End semester Examination – 100 marks