Dr SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM
MSW, PhD
PROFESSOR
Articles in Periodicals
Sl.No. Title Name of Periodical Periodicity Date
1 Kindness prevails: A view on the efforts of social work educational institutions in South India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Dialogue - Free Magazine of The International Association of Schools of Social Work Biannual 29/12/2021
2 Community Development Project of Centre for Social Action (CSA), India IFSW Newsletter Annual 01/06/2016
Articles in Journals
Sl.No. Title Name of Journal / Vol. No. / Issue No. / Page Nos ISSN No. Date Published
1 Social groupwork for promoting psychological well-being of adolescents enrolled in sponsorship programs F1000Research / / / - 2046-1402 30-Jun-2021
2 Impact of lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic on the learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students of Bangalore International Journal of Special Education / 2557 / 2569 / - 0827-3383 05-Mar-2021
3 Psychosocial well-being of Adolescents from Disadvantaged Families International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity / 11 / 1 / 2745 - 2755 2005-4289 06-Mar-2020
Books/ Book Chapter/Case Study
Sl.No. Title Author Names(s) ISBN No. Month Year
1 Minority Women in K-12 Education Leadership: Challenges, Resilience, and Support SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM 979-836931774-7, 979-836931773-0 /
2 Models for Social Responsibility Action by Higher Education Institutions SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM,MATHEW, ANUPA RAICHEL 979-889113251-1, 979-889113097-5 /
3 Applications of Service Learning in Higher Education SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM 979-836932134-8, 979-836932133-1 /
4 Women in Higher Education and the Journey to Mid-Career: Challenges and Opportunities SHABARISHA N,SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM,GOWRI SHANKAR R,DARSHAN S M,GLORIA M. BABU,JENIFER D,HEIDI L. SCHNACKENBERG (SUNY PLATTSBURGH, USA) 9781668444511 /
5 Women in Higher Education Institutions GLORIA M BABU,SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM,DARSHAN S M,JENIFER D /
Participation in Seminars/Conferences/Symposium
Sl.No. Name of the Conference /Seminar /Symposium Type of Program Title of the Article Role Venue/Place Date
1 International webinar on ?Digital safety of women from sexual exploitation and human trafficking ? Seminar Participant) Maris Stella College . Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh , India.online platform 17/08/2021
2 National Webinar on COVID-19 Pandemic: Social Work Engagements and Challenges Conference Exploitation of women survivor of human trafficking during the Covid-19 pandemic in Karnataka Presenter) Department of Social Work, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous). Kochi, Kerala. 25/02/2021
3 Webinar Series On Social Justice # 1 Seminar Moderator/Chair) Christ UniversityOnline 15/01/2021
4 Symposium on Human Trafficking- Preventive measures Symposium Participant) Centre for Women's studies, Andhra University & IJM Andhra Pradesh 19/11/2020
5 n "Women migrant workers: Issues and Challenges" Conference ?We Are With Them Always?: Voluntary Organizations' Relief Measures For The Migrants During COVID 19 Pandemic Situation." Presenter) Dhruti, Centre for Women?s Studies of St. Ann's College for Women, Hyderabad sponsered by National Commission for Women, New Delhi.Hyderabad 14/10/2020
6 Reshaping Relationships : Post pandemic impacts on Family Seminar Participant) Little Flower Institute of Social Sciences and Health Kozhikode 24/07/2020
7 Biodiversity, connecting the nature Seminar Participant) Christ UniversityOnline 14/07/2020
8 ?How to write and get published in peer-reviewed journals? Seminar Participant) Christ UniversityBangalore 12/06/2020
9 National Level Multidisciplinary Conference on Business and Humanities - opportunities and challenges Conference Moderator/Chair) St Paulss college, Nagasandra Nagasandra 19/02/2020
10 6th National Peace Convention Bangalore Seminar Participant) National Peace Movement, Indore Christ University, Bengaluru 30/01/2020
11 DYUTI 2020 National Conference on Migration and Social Inclusion : Perspectives for HUman Rights and Social work Practice Conference Co-presenter) Rajagiri College of Social Sicences, Kochi, Kerala Rajagiri College of Social Sicences, Kochi, Kerala 09/01/2020
12 Orientation of participating institutes to initiate work in adopted village clusters Seminar Participant) Christ UniversityBangalore 04/01/2020
13 5th International Conference on Economic Growth and Sustainable Development : Emerging Trends Conference Transition from Childhood Education System to Skill Based Employability Trainings in Schools Presenter) SDMIMDMysore 15/11/2019
14 5th International Conference on Economic Growth and Sustainable Development : Emerging Trends Conference Participant) SDMIMDMysore 15/11/2019
15 25th Asia - Pacific joint Regional Social Work Conference 2019 Conference Moderator/Chair) CHRIST ( Deemed to be University), NIMHANS & INPSWANIMHANS 19/10/2019
16 25th Asia - Pacific joint Regional Social Work Conference 2019 Conference Participant) CHRIST ( Deemed to be University), NIMHANS & INPSWACHRIST ( Deemed to be University) and NIMHANS 17/09/2019
17 Regional Seminar on Education, Empowerment and Emancipation Seminar Social work education and Professional code of ethics Presenter) Insian Social Institute, Bangalore Insian Social Institute, Bangalore 04/03/2019
18 Sensitization on the Inclusion of students with disabilities - Towards an Inclusive culture & Pedagogy Conference Participant) Christ UniversityCHRIST ( Deemed to be University) 01/10/2018
19 Health & Environment - Exhibition and Seminar by Voluntary organisations Seminar Participant) Christ UniversityCHRIST ( Deemed to be University) 11/09/2018
20 Scholar Express Conference Participant) Christ UniversityCHRIST ( Deemed to be University) 13/07/2018
21 GLobal Action Week for Education 2018 - Citizen Action for Accountable Governments Conference Participant) Christ UniversityCHRIST ( Deemed to be University) 26/04/2018
22 National conference on Green Social Work Conference Green Social Work and Professional social work Presenter) Kristujayanthi college, BengaluruKristujayanthi college, Bengaluru 27/02/2018
23 International Summit on Child rights : Education matters for Life Conference Participant) Christ UniversityChrist ( deemed to be University) 04/12/2017
24 Two days National Level Capacity Building Workshop for Child Rights Social Workers Conference Participant) INPSWA, CRT, IFSW Christ University 18/08/2016
25 A state level consultation on children in difficult circumstance (CIDC) Conference Participant) Christ UniversityChrist University 18/07/2016
26 NEET?S IN NEED Seminar Participant) FSL India and CSA Christ University 27/06/2016
27 Scope for Child Rights and Protection in Social Work Education Seminar for Social Work Faculty Seminar Participant) UNICEF and ICPS Christ University 12/05/2016
28 Annual Conference on Interdisciplinary approaches Conference Participant) Centre for social research in association with Deanery of Humanities and Social Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore. Christ University 11/02/2013
29 National Conference on Health issues and Challenges, Innovative Strategies and Solutions Conference Developmental changes in adolescence and reproductive health: An intervention study among adolescent girls of children?s home, Kerala, India. Presenter) Indian Institute for Health Management & ResearchBangalore 01/02/2013
30 National conference on Health issues and challenge Conference Participant) IHMR, BangaloreBangalore 01/02/2013
31 Annual National Conference Conference Effect of Intervention on subjective well-being of adolescent girls in the Children's Home, Thrissur, Kerala Presenter) Christ UniversityNIMHANS, Bangalore 05/01/2012
32 Annual National Conference Conference Prevention of Mental illness and improvement of Mental health in Women Presenter) Christ UniversityNIMHANS, Bangalore 05/01/2012
33 Conference Inclusive Education: Paradigm Shift from Charity to Development Presenter) Christ UniversityAssumption College, Changanassery -
34 Seminar Adolescent Mental Health Presenter) Christ UniversityMadras School of Social Work, Chennai -
35 Conference Family environment and Adjustment of institutionalized women: A case study from Mysore Presenter) Christ UniversityRajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kerala -
36 Conference Stress among parents having Epileptic Children Presenter) Christ UniversityRajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kerala -
37 Seminar Adolescent Counseling in Schools Presenter) Christ UniversityPSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore -
38 Conference Social Work Intervention for psychosocial well-being of Adolescent girls in the children's home, Kerala Presenter) Christ UniversityNIMHANS, Bangalore -
39 Seminar Importance of adolescent counseling : Role of peer group training Presenter) Christ UniversityAnsar Women's College, Kerala -
40 Conference Status of Women in Thrissur District, Kerala Presenter) Christ UniversityThrissur Zilla Panchayat, Kerala -
41 Conference Student presentation on "Project Cycle" Presenter) Christ UniversityMadras Christian College, Tamilnadu, India -
42 UGC sponsored Southern Regional Conference on Comm Participant) Madras School of Social Work, Chennai -
43 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Social Realities; Participant) Centre for Social Research, Department of Social Work, Christ University -
44 Annual National Conference of Indian Society of P Participant) Indian Society of Professional Social work, NIMHANS, Bangalore -
45 International Conference on Women and Mental Healt Participant) National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, School of Social Work, Roshini Nilaya, Mangalore, Karnataka and Flinders University, Australia -
46 Training Programme on Planning and Designing of Pr Participant) NIPCCD, Bangalore -
47 National Seminar on "Research Methods for Social W Participant) RM College of Social Work & Research Centre ( ICSW - AP) -
48 Training course on Research Methodology - " Quanti Participant) The Centre for Doctoral Research, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kalamassery , Kochi -
49 Training of Trainers and Professionals in GENDER Participant) HIDFORUM, Bangalore -
50 National Conference on Transactional Analysis Participant) TA Association , Cochin -
51 HIV/AIDS Sensitization Programme Participant) SAC & Dept. of social work, Vimala College, Kerala -
52 National Workshop on Research and Publication Participant) Centre for Research and Centre for education beyond curriculum -
53 Conference Self esteem of adolescent girls Presenter) Christ UniversityChennai -
54 Seminar Evaluation of Ujjwala Scheme Presenter) Christ UniversityChrist University, Bangalore -
55 Seminar on Human Trafficking Participant) Dept of Social Work, Christ University and International Justice MIssion, Bangalore -
56 Social Work Practitioner's Meet Participant) Dept of Social Work, Christ University -
57 Consultation on Post Millenium Development Goal Pr Participant) World Vision India -
58 National Research Conference on Human Trafficking Participant) Department of Social Work, Christ University and International Justice Mission, Bangalore -
59 South Asian Conference on ?Dignity and Worth of Pe Participant) KAPSW, Bengaluru and Department of Social Work, Christ University, Bangalore -
60 International Seminar on Supervision and Contextua Participant) Diakonhjemmet University College, Norway -
61 Symposium Planning and Implementation of Programmes for Adolescents Presenter) Christ University614 Central Block, Christ University -
Invited Talks
Sl.No. Titel of the Program Name of the Program Date Name of the Institution
1 Project Proposal Writing the Faculty Development Programme (FDP) on ?Research and Technical Skill Enhancement? 02/01/2023 CHRIST 9 Deemed to be University), Lavasa, Pune
2 Parivarthana Unit: A case study on waste management by higher educational Institutions Virtual Exchange Programme of Global - Express, Explore and Exchange 25/08/2021 Office of International affairs, CHRIST Deemed to be University
3 Preparing for Research grant proposals, consultancy Projects and Publications 5 Days International level FDP 04/01/2021 Jain Deemed to be University, Bangalore
4 Preparing for Research grant proposals, consultancy Projects and Publications 5 Days International level FDP 04/01/2021 Jain Deemed to be University, Bangalore
5 Working with Adolescents : Challenges and opportunities FDP 07/09/2020 St. Aloysius Degree College & Centre for Post Graduate Studies
6 Think equal, Build Smart, Innovate for Change - International Women's Day 2019 International Women's Day 2019 07/03/2019 World Vision India
7 Proposal writing techniques and skills for minor projects and research projects Student Skill Development programme 28/07/2018 Department of Social Work St. Joseph's College (autonomous) Bengaluru.
8 Orientation to the School Heads on Adolescent issues Annual Review Meeting of the School Heads 25/01/2016 Maria Seva Sangha, Bangalore
MPhil/PhD Guided/Adjudicated
Sl.No. Title Name of Student Institution Role Status Month Year
1 Factors Influencing the limited presence of women chefs in hotel industry : A study with special references to Bengaluru N Usharani Bharathiar University Supervisor Awarded July 2018
2 Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Work - Life Balance among Academicians in Pre University colleges Tony Thomas Mathew Christ University Supervisor Awarded March 2019
3 Knowledge of Reproductive Health and Practices among Rural Women Sruthi Narayanan Christ University Supervisor Awarded February 2018
4 Play Therapy as a Rehabilitative Measure Among Child Survivors of Bonded Labour Raveena Adam Joseph Christ University Supervisor Awarded January 2018
5 Parental Training program for the parents of children with learning disability : A social work Intervention Study Muthulakshmi R Bharathiar University Supervisor Awarded October 2019
6 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF FIELD WORK PRACTICUM IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN TAMIL NADU SHARNITHA S Christ University Supervisor Ongoing July 2021
7 The Efficacy of Life Skill Training among Paniya Tribal Adolescent Girls in Wayanad District, Kerala: An Intervention Study JISHAMOL THOMAS Christ University Supervisor Awarded June 2025
8 . JINCE GEORGE Christ University Supervisor Ongoing July 2021
9 PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING OF ADOLESCENTS: A SOCIAL GROUP WORK INTERVENTION SHINTO JOSEPH Christ University Supervisor Awarded September 2022
10 . KURIAKOSE JACOB Christ University Supervisor Ongoing September 2025
11

Socio-Cultural Menstrual Practices among Urban, Rural and Tribal Adolescent Girls in Bengaluru

SANGEETHA GEORGE Christ University Supervisor Ongoing February 2023
Research Project
Sl.No. Name of the Research Project Investigator(s) Sponsors Internal/External
1 A Study on effectiveness of the "Ujjawala Scheme" for the Prevention of Trafficking, Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking in Karnataka State Internal
2 Assessment on Selection criteria of “ Bhagyalakshmi” scheme in Mandya District, Karnataka Govt. of Karnataka External
3 Residential care of adolescent girls and young woman adults : A biographic research on challenges and success in residential care in India and Switzerland SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, ANURADHA S,SHEEJA.KARALAMRENATE STOHLER SWISSNEX External
4 A study on effectiveness of the "Ujjawala Scheme" for the prevention of Trafficking, Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking in Karnataka SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, BHARATHI Internal
5 Baseline study of Born Learning Campaign (BLC): Assessing early childhood care of Children aged 0 to 6 years at Anganwadis VICTOR PAUL, AMARESHA C,SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM United Way Bengaluru External
6 Welfare needs of the survivors of Human Trafficking: A multi stakeholder approach VICTOR PAUL, SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM,HEMALATHA K,JOSHY K J,SUDIPTA GARAI ICSSR External
7 One day National Conference on "Women in Climate change" SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM ICSSR SRC External
8 Legal Awareness Programme SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM National Commission for Women, Newdelhi External
9 Strengthening the Public participation in ensuring Protection of Rights of Women and Children by setting up Anti?Human Trafficking Clubs (AHTC) in 100 Educational Institutions of Karnataka SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, SHEEJA.KARALAMANITHA KANAYA Star Health and Allied Insurance Co.Ltd., Chennai External
10 Curriculum Development - Project 1 SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, SUREKHA C ,CYRIL JOHN India Vision Foundation External
11 Curriculum Implementation - Project 2 SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, CYRIL JOHN ,SUREKHA C India Vision Foundation External
12 Curriculum Development & Implementation for the wellbeing of the children of prison inmates in the age group of 9-12 years and their caretakers. SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, SUREKHA C ,CYRIL JOHN ,SABU JOHN A India Vision Foundation External
13 Curriculum Development & Implementation for the wellbeing of the children of prison inmates in the age group of 9-12 years and their caretakers. (Implementation Phase) SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, SUREKHA C ,CYRIL JOHN ,SABU JOHN A,SWATI PATHAK India Vision Foundation External
14 Guidelines on social work Practice education & Internationalization: A critical review , DR INGVILD HUSE ,DR NORBY PAUL IASSW External
15 Legal Awareness Programme SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM National Commission for Women, GoI. External
16 Guidelines on social work Practice education & Internationalization : A critical review. SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, SHEEJA.KARALAMNATSUKO MINAMINO PH.D., LCW,SHEEJA.KARALAMINGVILD HUSE,SHEEJA.KARALAMNORBY PAUL International Schools of Social Work (IASSW) External
17 International Workshop on Technology for Peace RAJESH KANNA R, MOHANA PRIYA T,SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM FSL India, Bangalore and Erasmus Project, The European Union External
18 Capacity Building programme on Artificial Intelligence for SIRD Staff Members RAJESH KANNA R, TULASI B,SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj External
19 Student Workshop on Project Proposal Writing & Field Trip to Visit NGOs (3 days) 9-11 January 2025 SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, EMMANUEL DANIEL,VIGNESHWARAN S A Bharata Mata School of Social Work Bharata Mata College (Autonomous), Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala, 68 External
20 Evaluation of Social Security Pension Schemes SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM, EMMANUEL DANIEL,AZARUDHEEN S,SHIVANAND TAVALI Karnataka Monitoring and Evaluation Authority and Revenue Department, Government Of Karnataka External
Workshop/FDP/Training programme
Sl.No. Name of the Workshop/FDP/Training programme Name of Organiser Level Role Date
1 Curriculum Design and Revision with specific focus on OBE Staff Development College,  Institutional Participant 05/12/2022
2 Create Charts and Dashboard using Google Sheets Coursera Project network ,  International Participant 02/02/2022
3 Faculty Development Programme (FDP I) Centre for Education Beyond Curriculum (CEDBEC),  Institutional Participant 16/06/2021
4 Coursera Project Network Coursera ,  International Participant 31/05/2021
5 Advanced Google classroom for Education Coursera, Coursera project network International Participant 31/05/2021
6 Online National Level Workshop on Project Proposal Writing Nodal Office, CHRIST [Deemed to be University] Thiruvananthapuram Kerala,  National Invited Resource Person/Trainer 10/04/2021
7 How to Publish with Oxford Journals Oxford University Press ,  National Participant 27/07/2020
8 Executive Presence on Video Conference Calls LinkedIn Learning,  International Participant 05/07/2020
9 Project Management Foundations LinkedIN Learning, LinkedIN Learning International Participant 30/06/2020
10 How to make a MOOC COURSERA,  International Participant 06/06/2020
11 QIP 2020 Academic Staff College ,  Participant 22/04/2020
12 Integration of Rubric in Google classroom 30M Training, and powered by Media Studies & IT Services,  Institutional Participant 27/11/2018
13 Google classroom 30M Training, and powered by Media Studies & IT Services,  Institutional Participant 15/11/2018
14 QIP on Subject & Curriculum updation Academic Staff College ,  Participant 17/05/2018
15 Training for PhD Supervisors Centre for Research ,  Institutional Participant 13/01/2018
16 Application of SPSS in Social Science Reseach Dr D K Laldas, Research Educator and Consultant, Examometer, Examometer National Participant 11/01/2018
17 One Day training programme on Human Rights Department of sociaology and Social Work,  Institutional Organiser & Participant 11/12/2017
18 International Summit on Child rights Department of sociaology and Social Work ,  International Organiser & Participant 04/12/2017
19 Social Media Addiction : Psychosocial Challenges of Millennial Teenagers Department of Social work, Kristu jayanti College, Kristu jayanti College, Bengaluru Regional Participant 23/09/2017
20 Research and Publication CU - Academic Staff College, Christ University, Bangalore,  - 18/01/2016
21 Competency Building in Curricular Aspects CU - Academic Staff College, Christ University, Bangalore,  Institutional - 01/10/2015
22 Project Planning and Management CU - Academic Staff College, Christ University, Bangalore ,  - 07/04/2015
23 Training the Trainers on Psychosocial Well being of Adolescents Dept of Social Work ,  National - 21/04/2014
24 Is work ethics a personal attribute or a professional challenge? Dept.of social work , Christ University,  Regional - 30/07/2012
25 Workshop on Intervention Research Designs Dept.of social work, Christ University, Bangalore ,  Institutional - 27/07/2012
26 Multicultural context as a resource for social work education Dept.of social work , Christ University,  Regional - 04/07/2012
27 Training on Psychological Counseling Psychology Department of DaVita Nephrolife, Bangalore,  Regional - 21/05/2012
28 Child Protection Curriculum in Social Work Education Women and Child Development Department, Govt. of Karnataka,  Regional - 28/02/2012
29 General systems and Family Therapy : Theory and Practice Department of Social Work, Christ University,  Regional - 10/01/2012
30 Effective Parenting NIMHANS, Bangalore ,  Regional - 25/11/2011
31 Interface with Academic and Practicing Field work Supervisors Dept. of Social Work, Christ University,  Regional - 19/11/2011
32 Workshop on Enhancing Teacher Efficacy in Social Work Education Department of Social Work, Christ University,  Institutional - 22/08/2011
33 Workshop on " VISION - VALUE ALIGNMENT" EFIL, Bangalore ,  Regional - 14/02/2008
34 PRA approaches for Agricultural Development, by Dr. Robert Chambers, UK Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara,  Regional - 23/09/2002
35 FAO Approaches for Gender and Development in Agriculture Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara,  Regional - 03/01/2002
36 Gender Analysis in Agriculture Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara,  Regional - 06/11/2000
Awards/Achievements/Others
Sl.No. Name of the Awards/Achievements/Others Description Organisation Month/ Year
1 Resource Person Workshop on Current trends in social work research and SPSS by Dr. D.K.Lal Das, Director, Research Centre, RM College of Social Work & Research centre ( ICSW - AP) Hyderabad for the faculty members of Social work in Kerala and Karnataka Ansar Wome's College September 2006
2 Resource Person University level workshop on "Adolescent issues and Peer group training" for the selected NSS volunteers of University of Calicut, Kerala Ansar Wome's College November 2006
3 Resource Person National seminar on Mental Health Ansar Women's College July 2006
4 Resource Person National level seminar on Professional Social work Ansar Women's College July 2004
5 PhD guide ship at Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu September, 2013
6 Chair Person Chaired the technical Sessions in the National Seminar on Research in Education for Sustainable Development School of Education, Christ University, Bangalore February, 2015
7 Membership Membership in the International Association of Schools of Social Work International Association of Schools of Social Work 22 September 2021
Consultancy
Sl.No. Faculties Theme of Consultancy Type
1 VICTOR PAUL,AMARESHA C,SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM Baseline survey under born learning campaign Paid
2 SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM Extra Mural Research Project for Children with Academic difficulties in Bangalore (Sponsored by AYUSH through Dr M L Dhawale Memorial Trust, Mumbai).
3 SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM Curriculum Development and Implementation for the well-being of the children of prison inmates in the age group of 9-12 years and their caretakers Paid
Copyright
Sl.No. Applicants Title Date Published
1 SHEEJA REMANI B KARALAM,VIKAS JANARDHAN SALUNKHE A GREY AREA IN ONLINE PROCTORING -