Syllabus for
Master of Science (Physics)
Academic Year  (2017)

Continuous internal assessment (CIA) forms 50% and the end semester examination forms the other 50% of the marks in both theory and practical.

This course is intended to make the students familiar with Newtonian mechanics and constraints, Rotating frames of reference and central force, Canonical transformation, Poissons bracket and equations of motion, Small oscillations and rigid body dynamics.

Mechanics of a particle, mechanics of a system of particles, constraints and their classification, principle of virtual work, D'Alembert's principle, Generalized co-ordinates, Lagrange's equations of motion, applications of Lagrangian formulation (simple pendulum, Atwood's machine, bead sliding in a wire), cyclic co-ordinates, concept of symmetry, homogeneity and isotropy, invariance under Galilean transformations

Rotating frames, inertial forces in the rotating frame, effects of Coriolis force, Foucault's pendulum, Central force: definition and examples, Two-body central force problem, classification of orbits, stability of circular orbits, condition for closure of orbits, Kepler's laws, Virial theorem, Applications.

Canonical transformations, Generating functions, conditions of canonical transformation, examples, Legandre's dual transformation, Hamilton's function, Hamilton's equation of motion, properties of Hamiltonian and Hamilton's equations of motion, Poisson Brackets,
properties of Poisson bracket, elementary PB's, Poisson's theorem, Jacobi-Poisson theorem on PBs, Invariance of PB under canonical transformations, PBs involving angular momentum, principle of Least action, Hamilton's principle, derivation of Hamilton's equations of motion from Hamilton's principle, Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Solution of simple harmonic oscillator by Hamilton-Jacobi method

Types of equilibrium and the potential at equilibrium, Lagrange's equations for small oscillations using generalized co-ordinates, normal modes, vibrations of carbon dioxide molecule Forced and damped oscillations, resonance, Degrees of freedom of a free rigid body, angular momentum, Euler's equation of motion for rigid body, time variation of rotational kinetic energy, Rotation of a free rigid body, Eulerian angles, Motion of a heavy symmetric top rotating about fixed point in the body under the action of gravity

Interaction with students during lecture hours like asking short questions to test their basic remembering skills

Periodical tests are conducted for different cognitive levels of learning like (i) Objective level questions to check their basic understanding (ii) descriptive writing to check their analytical skills (iii) problem solving sessions for testing their creative skills

Quiz

Preparation of science models relevant to classical mechanics

Students' seminar

Science exihibition

This module introduces the students to the applications of analog and digital integrated circuits. First part of the module deals with the operational amplifier, linear applications of op-amp., active filters, oscillators, non-linear applications of op-amp, timer and voltage regulators. The second part deals with digital circuits which exposes to the logic gates, encoders and decoders, flip-flops registers and counters.

The ideal op-amp: Characteristics of an op-amp., the ideal op-amp., Equivalent circuit of an op-amp., Voltage series feedback amplifier - voltage gain, input resistance and output resistance, Voltage follower. Voltage shunt feedback amplifier - virtual ground, voltage gain, input resistance and output resistance, Current to voltage converter. Differential amplifier with one op-amp. - voltage gain, input resistance.

Linear applications: AC amplifier, AC amplifier with single supply voltage, Summing amplifier, Inverting and non-inverting amplifier, Differential summing amplifier, Instrumentation amplifier using transducer bridge, The integrator, The differentiator.

Active filters and Oscillators: First order low pass filter, Second order low pass filter, First order high pass filter, Second order high pass filter, Phase shift Oscillator, Wien-bridge oscillator, Square wave generator.

Non-linear circuits: Comparator, Schmitt trigger, Digital to analog converter with weighted resistors and R-2R resistors, Positive and negative clippers, Small signal half wave rectifier, Positive and negative clampers.

Logic gates: The basic gates - OR, AND, NOT, NOR gates, NAND gates, Boolean laws and theorems (Review only). Karnaugh map, Simplification of SOP equations, Simplification of POS equations, Exclusive OR gates.

Combinational circuits: Multiplexer, De-multiplexer, 1-16 decoder, BCD to decimal decoder, Seven segment decoder, Encoder, Half adder, Full adder.

Flip flops: RS flip-flop, Clocked RS flip-flop, Edge triggered RS flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, JK master-slave flip-flop.

Registers: Serial input serial output shift register, Serial input parallel output shift register, Parallel input serial output shift register, Parallel input parallel output shift register, Ring counter.

Counters: Ripple counter, Decoding gates, Synchronous counter, Decade counter, Shift counter - Johnson counter.

Quantum mechanics being an essential component in understanding the behavior of fundamental constituents of matter is divided into two modules spreading over first and second semesters. The first module is intended to familiarize the students with the Principles of quantum mechanics, exactly solvable eigen value problems, Time independent perturbation theory and Time dependent perturbation theory.

Review of origin of quantum mechanics, uncertainty principle, Schrodinger equation, time evolution of a wave packet, probability current density, continuity equation, orthogonality and normalization of the wave function, box normalization, admissibility conditions on the wave function, expectation values, Ehrenfest's theorems. Potential step and rectangular potential barriers, reflection and transmission coefficient, Barrier penetration.

Bound states of a system: application of time independent Schrodinger wave equation to (i) particle in an infinite one dimensional box and in a cubical box, (ii) one dimensional linear harmonic oscillator, evaluation of expectation values of x² and p_x², (iii) finite square well potential (iv) Rigid rotator (v) Hydrogen atom, solution of radial equation.

Time independent perturbation theory: First and second order perturbation theory applied to non-degenerate case; first order perturbation theory for degenerate case, application to (i) normal Zeeman effect and (ii) Stark effect in hydrogen atom.

Variational Method: Variation theorem, application to the ground state of (i) hydrogen atom and (ii) helium atom.

WKB Method: WKB method to one-dimensional case, application to (i) barrier penetration and (ii) alpha decay.

Time dependent perturbation theory: Time dependent perturbation method, Harmonic perturbation, Fermi's golden rule, Adiabatic approximation method, Sudden approximation method.

Scattering Theory: Scattering cross section, Differential and total cross section, scattering amplitude; Born approximation for the scattering amplitude, scattering by spherically symmetric potentials, screened coulomb potential; Partial wave analysis for scattering amplitude, expansion of a plane wave into partial waves, phase shift, cross section expansion, scattering by a square well, Optical theorem.

Periodical tests/Assignments/Seminars/Problem solving: to test and develop (i) basic understanding (ii) analytical skills (iii) creative skills 

A sound mathematical background is essential to understand and appreciate the principles of physics. This module is intended to make the students familiar with the applications of tensors and matrices, Special functions, partial differential equations and integral transformations, Green’s functions and integral equations. 

able to use tensor notations

able to solve integrals using complex analysis

able to solve physics problems using partial diffrential equations and green's functions.

able to solve integral equations.

Introduction, indicial and summation conventions, Kronecker delta-symbol, contravariant and covariant vectors, tensors of higher ranks, algebraic operation of tensors, symmetric and antisymmetric tensors, conjugate tensors, Quotient rule, line element: metric tensor, fundamental tensors, raising and lowering of indices, associated tensors, simple applications of tensors to non-relativistic physics: Tensors in dynamics of a particle, tensors in elasticity, tensors in rigid body.

Properties of analytic functions- Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, singularities, Taylor and Laurent expansion, Cauchy’s residue theorem, Definite Integrals using Calculus of Residues

Beta and Gamma functions, Power series method for ordinary differential equations, Series solution for Legendre equation, Legendre polynomials and their properties-generating function, recurrence relations and orthogonality properties,Series solution for Bessel equation, Bessel functions and their properties- generating function and recurrence relations, Series solution for Laguerre equation, its solutions and properties-generating function and recurrence relations.

Method of separation of variables, the wave equation, Laplace equation, heat conduction equations in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates and their solutions in one, two and three dimensions. Review of Fourier series, Fourier integrals, Fourier transform, Properties of Fourier sine and cosine transforms, applications. convolution theorem, applications, Laplace transformations, properties, convolution theorem, inverse Laplace transform, Evaluation of Laplace transforms, solution of differential equations.

Dirac-delta function, Three dimensional delta function, Definition of Green's functions, Green's function for one dimensional equations, Green’s functions for two and three dimensional equations, Symmetry property of Green's function, eigenfunction expansion of Green’s functions, Green's function for Poisson's equation, Definition of integral equations, Methods of solution, Neumann series method

[1].  S. Prakash: Mathematical Physics, S. Chand and Sons, 2004.

[2].  H. K. Dass: Mathematical Physics, S. Chand and Sons, 2008.

[3].  G. B. Arfken, H. J. Weber and F. E. Harris: Mathematical methods for physicists, 7^th Edn., Academic press, 2013.

[2].  M. L. Boas: Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, 2^nd Edn, Wiley 1983.

[3].  P. K. Chattopadhyaya: Mathematical Physics, Wiley Eastern, 1990.

[4].  E. Kryszig: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley, 2005.

[5].  Sadri Hassani: Mathematical Methods for students of Physics and related fields, Springer 2000.

[6].  J. Mathews and R. Walker: Mathematical Physics, Benjamin, Pearson Education, 2006.

[7].  A W. Joshi: Tensor analysis, New Age, 1995.

[8].  L. A. Piper: Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, McGraw-Hill 1958.

Ten experiments are included in Laboratory 1, General Physics-1. The experiments are selected from mechanics, properties of matter and thermodynamics. Suitable experimental techniques are adopted to make the students familiar with the use of basic measuring instruments.

1. Elastic constants of glass plate by Cornu's interference method.
2. Study of thermoemf and verification of thermoelectric laws
3. Wavelength of iron arc spectral lines using constant deviation spectrometer.
4. Energy gap of the semi-conducting material used in a PN junction.
5. Characteristics of a solar cell.

6. Stefan's constant of radiation.
7. Relaxation time constant of a serial bulb.
8. e/m by Millikan's oil drop method
9. Study of elliptically polarized light by using photovoltaic cell.
10. Study of absorption of light in different liquid media using photovoltaic cell.

1. Based on whether a student has come prepared for the practical like drawing diagram, tabular column etc.

2. Based on whether the student is able to complete the experiments and do the calculations within the allotted hours.

3. Based on conducting viva on the experiments performed.

Electronics being an integral part of Physics, Laboratory 2, Electronics is dedicated to experiments related to Electronic components and circuits. The experiments are selected to make the students familiar with the commonly used electronic components and their application in electronic circuits. During the course, the students will get to know the use of various electronic measuring instruments for the measurement of various parameters.

1. Transistor multivibrator.
2. Half wave and full wave rectifier using op-amp.
3. Op-amp. voltage regulator.
4. Op-amp. inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
5. Timer 555, square wave generator and timer.
a) RS flip-flop using NAND gates, b) Decade counter using JK flip-flops.

6. Half adder and full adder using NAND gates.
7. Construction of adder, subtractor, differentiator and integrator circuits using the given Op-amp.
8. Construction of a D/A converter circuit and study its performance-R-2R and Weighted resistor network.
9. JK Flip-Flop and up-down counter
10. Differential Amplifier with Op-Amp

This module is intended to make the students familiar with the basic concepts of statistical mechanics, ensembles and partition functions, theory of ideal Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac gases, non-equilibrium states and fluctuations.

   Introduction, phase space, ensembles (microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles), ensemble average, Liouville theorem, conservation of extension in phase space, condition for statistical equilibrium, microcanonical ensemble, ideal gas.

Quantum picture: Microcanonical ensemble, quantization of phase space, basic postulates, classical limit, symmetry of wave functions, effect of symmetry on counting, distribution laws.   

    Gibb’s paradox and its resolution, Canonical ensemble, entropy of a system in contact with a heat reservoir, ideal gas in canonical ensemble, Maxwell velocity distribution, equipartition  theorem of energy, Grand canonical ensemble, ideal gas in grand canonical ensemble, comparison of various ensembles.

Canonical partition function, molecular partition function, translational partition function, rotational partition function, application of rotational partition function, application of vibrational partition function to solids      

Bose-Einstein distribution, Applications, Bose-Einstein condensation, thermodynamic properties of an ideal Bose-Einstein gas, liquid helium, two fluid model of liquid helium-II, Fermi-Dirac (FD) distribution, degeneracy, electrons in metals, thermionic emission, magnetic susceptibility of free electrons. Application to white dwarfs , High temperature limits of BE and FD statistics                                

Boltzmann transport equation, particle diffusion, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, isothermal Hall effect, Quantum Hall effect. Introduction to fluctuations, mean square deviation, fluctuations in ensembles, concentration fluctuations in quantum statistics, one dimensional random walk, electrical noise (Nyquist theorem).   Fluctuations in FD and BE gases, Winer Khintchine theorem

2.      K. Huang: Statistical Mechanics, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1991.

3.      J. K. Bhattacharjee: Statistical Physics: Equilibrium and Non Equilibrium Aspects, Allied Publishers Limited, 1997.

4.      R. A. Salinas: Introduction to Statistical Physics, Springer, 2^nd Edn, 2006.

5.      E. S. R. Gopal: Statistical Mechanics and properties of matter, Macmillan, India 1976.

1.      B. K. Agarwal and M. Eisner: Statistical Mechanics, New Age International, 2^nd Edn, 1998.

2.      R. K. Pathria: Statistical Mechanics, Butterworth Heinemann, 2^nd Edn, 2006. 

Class room tests are conducted for different levels of learning like (i) scientific knowledge of the subject (ii) descriptive writing to check their analytical skills (iii) problem solving sessions for testing their creative skills.

Student presentations and group discussion based on research publications based on the topics in the syllabus for promoting advanced learning.

This module introduces the students to the principles and applications of Electrostatics, Magneto statics, Electrodynamics and Electromagnetic waves.

Review: (Electrostatic forces - Coulomb's law, electrostatic field, Gauss' law, divergence and curl of electric field. Electric potential: Relation between electric field and potential). Electric field and potential due an electric dipole, potential energy of an electric dipole in an external electric field, interaction of electric dipoles. Electric quadrupoles and multipoles: Multipole expansion of electric fields.

Potential problems: Electrostatic boundary conditions, Poisson's equation and Laplace's equation, uniqueness theorem. Solution to Laplace's equation in a) Cartesian coordinates, applications: i) rectangular box and ii) parallel plate condenser*, b) spherical coordinates, applications: potential outside a i) charged conducting sphere and ii) ring* and c) cylindrical coordinates, applications: i) potential between two co-axial charged conducting cylinders and ii) potential due to a charged vertical cylinder*.

Method of images: Potential and field due to a point charge i) near an infinite conducting sphere and ii) in front of a grounded conducting sphere and iii) in front of an insulated conducting sphere*.

Review on the Lorentz force law, Equation of continuity, Rearrangement time, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field of a steady current. Divergence and curl of B, Ampere's law and applications. Magnetic vector potential, Multipole expansion of the vector potential, diamagnets, paramagnets and ferromagnets, magnetic field inside matter, Ampere's law in magnetized materials, Magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Faraday's law, induced electric field, energy in magnetic fields, Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations in matter, Boundary conditions. Poynting's theorem.

The wave equation (review), Electromagnetic waves in vacuum, energy and momentum in electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves in matter, Reflection and transmission at normal incidence, Reflection and transmission at oblique incidence. Electromagnetic waves in conductors, reflection at a conducting surface, frequency dependence of permittivity. Wave guides, TE waves in a rectangular wave guide.

Scalar and vector potentials, Gauge transformations, Coulomb and Lorentz gauge, retarded potentials, Lienard-Wiechert potentials, the fields of a moving point charge. Electric dipole radiation, magnetic dipole radiation, Power radiated by a point charge. Review of Lorentz transformations, Transformation of electric and magnetic Fields.

This module is a continuation of Quantum mechanics-I, introduced in the first semester. In this module the students will be introduced to General formulation of quantum mechanics, Angular momentum, Symmetry and its consequences and Relativistic quantum mechanics.

Hilbert space, Dirac's bra and ket notation, Hermitian operators, projection operator and its properties, unitary transformation, Poisson brackets and commutators, Eigen values and Eigen vectors: Eigen functions of commuting operators with and without degeneracy, complete set of commuting operators, co-ordinate and momentum representation. Equation of motion: Schrodinger picture, Heisenberg picture and Interaction picture. Generalized uncertainty relation. Harmonic oscillator solved by matrix method.

Angular momentum operator, commutators, eigenvalues of orbital angular momentum operators, spherical harmonics, angular momentum as rotational operator, Concept of intrinsic spin, total angular momentum operator, commutation relations, ladder operators, eigenvalue spectrum of J2 and Jz, Pauli spin matrices and eigen vectors of spin half systems, matrix representation of Jx, Jy and Jz, J2 in |jm> basis, addition of two angular momenta, Evaluation of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, singlet and triplet states.

Translational symmetry and conservation of linear momentum, conservation of energy, Rotational symmetry and angular momentum conservation, symmetry and degeneracy, parity (space inversion) symmetry, even and odd parity operators, time reversal symmetry, Antilinear operators.

Identical particles: Permutation symmetry, construction of symmetric and anti-symmetric wave functions, spin statistics connection (Bosons and Fermions), Pauli exclusion principle, Slater determinant, scattering of identical particles.

Klein-Gordan equation for a free particle and its failures, Dirac equation for a free particle, Dirac matrices, orthonormality and completeness of free particle solutions, spin of the Dirac particle-positron, Dirac hole theory, Dirac equation for central potentials, magnetic moment of the Dirac particle, Non-relativistic approximation and spin-orbit interaction energy. Energy eigenvalues of hydrogen atom.

Computers are being widely used in Physics for data acquisition, and to automate the experimental setups for better efficiency and accuracy in measurements. This module is intended to introduce the students to the fundamentals of computer science, C language and programming, Numerical techniques using C language and its applications to problems in Physics.

Overview of C, constants, variables, and data types, operators and expressions, managing input and output operations, decision making and branching, decision making and looping, arrays, user defined functions.

Graphics functions: line, lineto, rectangle, setlinestyle, getlinestyle, arc, ellipse, floodfil, setcolor, getimage, putimage, getpixel, putpixel, moveto, pieslice, setviewport. Programming examples.

Direct solutions of Linear equations: Solution by elimination method, Basic Gauss elimination method, Gauss elimination by pivoting. Matrix inversion method, Iterative solutions of linear equations: Jacobi iteration method, Gauss sidel method. Roots of non linear equations: Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method. Curve fitting by regression method: Fitting linear equations by least squares method, Fitting transcendental equations, Fitting a polynomial functions, Computer programming for the above numerical methods using C language.

Numerical integration: Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson's 1/3 rule and Simpsons 3/8 rule.

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler's method, Runge-Kutta method (2nd order and fourth order methods).

Computer programming for the above numerical methods using C language.

Freely falling body, motion of a projectile, simple harmonic motion, Standing waves, motion of charged particle in an electric field, motion of charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, energy analysis in RL circuit, electromagnetic oscillations in LC circuit, circuit analysis, solution of time independent schrodinger equation.

This lab module is devoted to experiments in optics. The experiments are selected to introduce the students to various optical phenomena like, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization. Suitable experimental techniques are adopted to make the students familiar with the use of various optical equipments and measuring instruments.

1.      Wavelength of LASER light by interference and diffraction method.  

2.      Thickness of mica sheet by optical method (Edser-Butler method).     

3.      Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid media (Kerosene & CCl₄).                                     

4.      Study of polarized light using Babinet's compensator.                                                  

5.      Thermal expansion of a solid by optical interference method.                           

6.      Hartmann's constants and study of electronic absorption band of KMnO₄.

7.      Wavelength of Laser source and thickness of glass plate using Michelson Interferometer.

8.      Coefficient of thermal and electrical conductivity of copper and hence to determine Lorentz number.

9.      Dielectric constant of benzene and CCl₄ molecules.

10.      (a) Size of lycopodium particles by diffraction method.

(b)   Refractive index of transparent material and a given liquid

[1].   B. L. Worsnop and H. T. Flint: Advanced Practical Physics for students, Asia Publishing house, New Delhi 1984.

[1].   F. W. Sears, M. W. Zemansky and H. D. Young : University Physics, 6^th Edn., Narosa publishing house, 1998

[2].   M. S. Chauhan and S. P. Singh: Advanced practical physics, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.

[3].   S. Chadda and S. P. Mallikarjun Rao: Determination of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids Using Optical Diffraction By Short Acoustic Pulses, Am. J. Phys. 47, 464 (1979).

This module makes the students familiar with the use of computers for applications in Physics. The first few sessions will be used to make the students familiar with the basics of C programming. It is followed by about ten experiments in solving problems using numerical techniques. It is then followed by a few experiments to get the students familiar with the application of computer graphics to describe problems and principles of physics.

1. Addition and multiplication of matrices.
2. Successive bisection method to solve a transcendental equation.
3. Euler's method to obtain a numerical differential of a function.
4. Simpson's rule to obtain a numerical integral of a function.
5. Linear regression - Least squares method to fit a straight line.

6. Problem of free fall using Euler's method.
7. Simple harmonic motion of a loaded spring using Euler's method.
8. Problem of electromagnetic oscillations in LC circuit using Runge-Kutta method.
9. Computer graphics - Motion of a projectile.
10. Computer graphics - Standing waves.
11. Computer graphics - Motion of a charged particle in electric field.

This module is intended to make the students familiar with Nuclear forces, Nuclear reactions, Nuclear forces, Nuclear models, Nuclear decay, interaction of radiation with matter and Physics of Elementary particle. 

Liquid drop model, binding energy of nucleus, semi-empirical mass formula (Bethe-Weizsacker formula), stability of nuclei against beta decay, mass parabola.

Fermi gas model, kinetic energy for the ground state, asymmetry energy.

Nuclear shell model: magic numbers and evidences, prediction of energy levels in an infinite square well potential, spin-orbit interaction potential (extreme single particle shell model), Prediction of spin, parity and magnetic moment of odd A nuclei, Schmidt diagrams, Nordheim’s rule for the prediction of spin and parity of odd Z-Odd N nuclei

Nuclear force: Characteristics of nuclear force, short rage, saturation, charge independence, spin dependent, exchange characteristics, Ground state of the deuteron using square well potential, relation between the range and depth of the potential, Yukawa’s theory of nuclear forces (qualitative only). 

Nuclear decay: Beta decay- Fermi’s theory of beta decay, Kurie’s plots and ‘ft’ values, selection rules, detection of neutrino, non-conservation of parity in beta decay, experimental proof. Gamma decay: selection rules, multipolarity, Internal conversion process (qualitative).    

Types of nuclear reactions, conservation laws, cross section, differential cross section, energetic of nuclear reactions, threshold energy, direct and compound nuclear reactions, their mechanisms, Bohr’s independence hypothesis, Goshal experiment.

Nuclear fusion and fission: Energy released in fusion and fission, neutron multiplication and chain reaction in thermal reactor, four factor formula, reactor and its components, Types of nuclear reactors, brief overview of nuclear reactors in India.

Interaction of radiation with matter: Interaction of charged particles with matter- energy loss of heavy charged particles in matter, Bethe-Bloch formula. Energy loss of electrons, absorption coefficient for beta rays, G. M. counter. Interaction of gamma rays with matter- Photoelectric, Compton and Pair production, total interaction cross section and mass attenuation coefficient for gamma rays, scintillation detector, Scintillation mechanism in NaI(Tl), NaI(Tl)gamma ray spectrometer. Semiconductor detectors- surface barrier detectors, Li ion drifted detectors.

Elementary particles: Types of interactions between elementary particles, hadrons and leptons, symmetry and conservation laws, eight fold way (qualitative), quarks and building blocks of quarks, recent findings (LHC). 

[1].  S. N. Goshal: Nuclear Physics, 2^ndEdn, S. Chand and Co, 2005.

[1].  K. S. Krane: Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley, 2003.

[2].  R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam: Nuclear Physics, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1967.

[3].  S. S. Kapoor and V. S. Ramamoorthy: Radiation Detectors, Wiley Eastern, 1986. 

[4].  G. F. Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2^ndEdn. John Wiley, 1989.

This module introduces the students to some of the properties of matter in the solid state physics. The students are introduced to electronic properties of solids, dielectrics and ferroelectrics, magnetic properties of solids, semiconductors and superconductors. 

Introduction, dynamics of the chain of identical atoms, symmetry in k-space, number of modes in the first zone, long wavelength limit, phase and group velocities, dynamics of a diatomic linear chain, dynamics of identical atoms in three dimensions - qualitative, anharmonicity and thermal expansion. Thermal conductivity of solids, thermal conductivity due to electrons, thermal conductivity due to phonons, thermal resistance of solids (conductors), phonon-phonon interaction, scattering of phonons by boundaries or grains, scattering by impurities and imperfections.                                           

Electrons in a periodic lattice, Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, Brillouin zones, extended, reduced and periodic zone scheme, effective mass of an electron, nearly free-electron model, tight- binding approximation (qualitative), band theory, classification of solids. Superconductivity: Critical temperature, Meissner effect, thermodynamics of super conducting transitions, origin of energy gap, high Tc superconductors, applications.London equation and penetration of magnetic field, Cooper pairs, and the BCS ground state (Qualitative). 

Introduction, dipole moment, polarization, the electric field of a dipole, local electric field at an atom, dielectric constant and its measurement, polarizability, Clausius-Mosotti equation, electronic polarizability, ionic polarizability, classical theory of electronic polarizability, dipolar polarizability. Langevin’s theory of dipolar polarizability.

Absorption processes, excess carriers and photoconductivity, photoelectric effect, photovoltaic effect, photoluminescence.

Introduction, classification of magnetic materials, Langevin’s classical theory of diamagnetism, sources of paramagnetism, Langevin’s classical theory of paramagnetism, quantum theory of paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, Weiss molecular (exchange) field, temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization, the physical origin of Weiss molecular field, ferromagnetic domains, domain theory, anti-ferromagnetism.

Ferroelectric solids: theory of ferro electricity, ferro electric domains and hysteresis, anti ferro electric materials, ferrielectric and piezo-electric solids.

1.    M. Ali Omar: Elementary solid state physics- Principles and applications, Addison- Wesley, 2000.

2.    S. O. Pillai: Solid State physics, New Age International Limited Publishers, 1997.

3.    H. P. Meyers: Introductory solid state physics, Taylor and Francis publishers, 1997. 

1.    M. A. Wahab: Solid State Physics- Structure and properties of materials, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1999

2.    J. R. Christman: Fundamentals of solid state physics, John Wiley and sons, New York, 1988. 

Class room tests are conducted for different levels of learning like (i) scientific knowledge of the subject (ii) descriptive writing to check their analytical skills (iii) problem solving sessions for testing their creative skills.

Student presentations and group discussion based on research publications based on the topics in the syllabus for promoting advanced learning.

This module is intended to introduce various aspects of modern physics. The module includes the study of Atomic physics, Molecular structure and molecular spectra, Vibrations of diatomic molecules, Electronic structure and electronic spectra, Laser physics.

Brief review of early atomic models of Bohr and Sommerfield. One electron atom: Atomic orbitals, spectrum of hydrogen, Rydberg atoms, spin-orbit interaction and fine structure in alkali spectra. Equivalent and non-equivalent electrons. Zeeman effect, Paschen Back effect, Stark effect, Lamb shift in hydrogen (qualitative) Two electron atom: Ortho and para states, and role of Pauli exclusion principle, level schemes of two electron atoms. Many electron atoms: Central field approximation. LS and JJ coupling, multiplet splitting and Lande interval rule.

Diatomic molecules as a rigid rotor, rotational spectra of rigid and non-rigid rotors, intensity of rotational lines, types of rotor-linear, symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top molecules

Diatomic molecules as simple harmonic oscillator, anharmonicity, Morse potential curve, vibrating rotator and spectra Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, vibrational coarse structure: progressions, intensity of vibrational-electronic spectra: Franck Condon principle, dissociation energy, rotational fine structure of electronic-vibration transitions, Fortrat diagram, predissociation.

Lasers: Coherence of light, coherence of time, coherence length, types of coherence: temporal and spatial, population inversion techniques: electrical and optical pumping, building up of laser action, criteria for lasing, threshold conditions, He-Ne laser: energy level diagram, principle, construction and working. Applications.

Fibre Optics: Importance of fibre optics, fibre materials, Types of optical fibres: single mode and multimode with different refractive index profiles(qualitatively). Ray theory transmission- total internal reflection, acceptance angle, numerical aperture, transmission characteristics of optical fibres: attenuation and dispersion. optical fibre communication system (qualitative).

CIA 1

Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations Before MST -- 10

CIA 2

Mid-Sem Test (Centralized) MST 2 hours(50 marks) 25

CIA 3

Assignment /quiz/ group task / presentations After MST -- 10

CIA 4

Attendance (76-79 = 1, 80-84 = 2, 85-89 = 3, 90-94 = 4, 95-100 = 5) -- 5

This module is intended for the students to have an understanding of structure and defects in materials, diffusion in solids, phase transitions in solids and how these affect the properties. The students are also introduced to the various types of materials like polymers, ceramics, nanomaterials and composites. 

Introduction, classification of materials, levels of structure, structure-property relationships. Fundamentals of crystal structures, FCC, BCC, HCP structures, close packed structures.

Imperfections in solids: point defects-vacancies and self-interstitials, Schottky and Frenkel defects, impurities in solids, specification of composition, linear defects (edge and screw dislocations), interfacial defects (external surfaces, grain boundaries, twin boundaries and stacking faults), volume defects, Burger vector, slip and glide motions of dislocations, Frank-Read mechanism, work hardening of metals

Diffusion in solids: diffusion mechanisms, steady state diffusion, non steady state diffusion, error functions, applications.                                                                         

Alloy systems, structure of solid solutions, factors governing the solid solubility (Hume-Rothery’s rules for primary solid solution), inter-metallic compounds.

Phase diagram: solubility limits, phases, phase equilibrium, phase rule and applications, construction of unary phase diagrams, binary phase diagrams (interpretation of Pb-Sn, Cu-Ni phase diagrams), lever rule and applications, developments of microstructure.

Phase transformations: basic concepts, nucleation and growth, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, surface and volume energies, growth rate, phase transformation in alloys, applications.

Polymers: introduction, hydrocarbon molecules, chemistry of polymer molecules, molecular weight, molecular shape, molecular structure, molecular configurations, thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, co-polymers, crystallization, properties of polymers, types of polymers, mechanisms of polymerization, applications.

Ceramics: introduction, classification of ceramics, glasses, melting and glass transition, glass-ceramics, clay products, refractories, structure of ceramics, silicate ceramics, mechanical and thermal properties of ceramic phases, applications. 

Nanomaterials: concepts of nanomaterials, fullerenes, formation and characterization of fullerenes, types of carbon nanotubes: single wall, multi wall nanotubes, zig-zag, arm chair and helical nanotubes, electronic structure, mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic and optical properties of nanomaterials, semiconductor quantum dots, electron confinement, applications of nanomaterials.

Composite materials: introduction, types of composites: particle reinforced composite-large particle composites, fiber reinforced composites, structural composites, applications.

[1] S. K. Hajara Chaudhary: Material Sciences and Process, Indian Book Distributing Co, 1985.

[2]  M.S. Vijaya, and G. Rangarajan, Materials Science, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, 2012.

[3] James F Shackelford and Madanapalli K Muralidhara, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Pearson, Sixth Edition, 2009.

[4] R. Booker and E. Boysen: Nanotechnology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

[5] R. W. Cahn and H. Haasan: Physical Metallurgy Part I and II, North Holland, 1983.

[6] D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling: Phase transformation in metals and alloys, Van Nostarnd Rcinhold Co, 1992.

[7] G. Schmid: Nanotechnology- Principles and fundamentals, Wiley-VCH, 2008.

[1] R. Balasubramaniam: Callister’s Materials Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2014.

[2] W. D. Callister Jr.: Material Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.

[3] V. Raghavan: Material Science and Engineering, Prentice Hall of India, 2004.

[4] S.L.Kakani and A, Kakani: Material Science, New Age International Publishers, 2005

[5] T. Pradeep: Nano, The essentials – Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tata Mac Graw Hills, 2007.

Class room tests are conducted for different levels of learning like (i) scientific knowledge of the subject (ii) descriptive writing to check their analytical skills (iii) problem solving sessions for testing their creative skills.

Student presentations and group discussion based on research publications based on the topics in the syllabus for promoting advanced learning.

This module introduces to the students some of the topics like transducers and data acquisition. The module includes working principle of different types of transducers, data acquisition, filters, signal conditioning and PC based instrumentation.

Review on basic characteristics of measuring devices. Electrical transducer, Characteristics of a transducer. Variable inductance transducer, Variable capacitance transducer, variable resistance transducer, Hall effect devices, Digital transducers. Resistance strain gauge, Semiconductor strain gauge, Wheatstone's strain gauge circuit. Piezoelectric pressure transducer, Load cell, Electronic weighing system. Resistance type temperature sensors, Platinum resistance thermometer, Thermistor, Thermo-couple, flow measurement

Amplifiers & filters: Preamplifier, Instrumentation amplifiers, Isolation amplifiers, Passive and active filters – First order filter & Second order filter-Low pass filter, High pass filter, Band pass filter, band reject filter and narrow band reject filter, All pass filter, Pass reject filter, Frequency to voltage and voltage to frequency converters.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscopes. Digital voltmeters and multimeters, Electronic counters, AC millivoltmeter, Wave and spectrum analyzers. Signal generators – Wien bridge oscillator with amplitude control, Triangular and square wave generators, Function generator, Pulse generator, Noise generator, Frequency synthesiser. Regulated power supplies – CVCL, CVCC. Lock-in amplifier

General form of PC based instrumentation system, Functional blocks of a data acquisition Data acquisition configurations. I/O ports in a computer system, Data acquisition using serial interfaces, serial connection formats, serial communication modes, serial interface standards (RS 232), GPIB, connection between two DTE, PC serial port. Features of USB, USB system, USB transfer, USB descriptors. Study of serial port communication (C program), data acquisition using serial port (MAX187ADC

This module introduces the students to the exciting filed of astrophysics. This covers the topics such as Fundamentals of Astrophysics, Astronomical Techniques, Sun & Solar system and Stellar Structure.

Celestial Coordinate systems, Solar and Sidereal times, heliocentric corrections, Overview of major contents of universe, Black body radiation, specific intensity, flux density, luminosity, Magnitudes, distance modulus, Color index, Extinction, Color temperature, effective temperature, Brightness temperature, bolometric magnitude/luminosity, Excitation temperature, kinetic temperature, Binaries, variable stars, clusters, Laws of planetary motion, Motions and distances of stars, Statistical and moving cluster parallax, Velocity dispersion.

The spectra of stars - atomic, molecular, ionic etc., Boltzmann excitation formula, Saha's ionization formula, Various spectral broadening processes, Spectral sequence of stars, temperature sequence, Hertzsprung-Russell(HR) diagrams, Utility of stellar spectrum, spectral response, Johnson noise, signal to noise ratio, background, aberrations, telescopes at different wavelengths, detectors at different wavelengths, imaging, spectroscopy, polarimetry, calibration, atmospheric effects at different wavelengths, active/adaptive optics.

The sun, helioseismology, convection, solar magnetism: flux tubes, sun spots, dynamo, solar cycle, chromosphere, corona, solar wind, physical processes in the solar system, dynamics of the solar system; physics of planetary atmospheres, individual planets; comets, asteroids, and other constituents of the solar system; extra-solar planets; formation of the solar system, stars and planets

Composition and equation of state, Hydrostatic equilibrium, mass conservation, Lane-Emden equation for polytropic stars and its physical solution, estimates of central pressure and temperature, radiation pressure, equation for energy generation and luminosity, equation of temperature gradient for radiative and convective equilibria, Schwarzschild criterion, stellar model building, boundary conditions, Vogt-Russell theorem, zero age main sequence, mass- luminosity relation

Ten general experiments are included in Laboratory 5. The experiments are selected from nuclear physics, solid state physics and modern physics to introduce the equipments applications of the advanced areas in physics. 

1.        Study of nuclear counting statistics.

2.        Study of absorption of b particles in Al, range and end-point energy of b particles in Al.

3.        Study of g-ray spectrum of Cs-137 using gamma ray spectrometer (using SCA & MCA)

4.        Study of attenuation of g rays in lead using NaI(Tl) detector spectrometer.

5.        Study of Hall effect in semiconductors.

6.        Determination of Lande’s g-factor using ESR spectrometer.

7.        Study of emission spectrum of neon using constant deviation spectrograph.

8.        Study of vibrational band spectrum of aluminum oxide.

9.        Determination of magnetic susceptibility by Quinke’s method.

10.    Study of Zeeman effect- Determination of e/m for an electron.

11.    Analysis of NMR spectrum of 2-3 dibromopropionic acid. 

12.    Analysis of IR spectrum of Benzaldehyde.

1.  G. Aruldhas: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, PHI, New Delhi, 2001.

2.  C. P. Slitcher: Principles of magnetic resonance, Springer Verlag, 1980.

3. B. P. Straughan and S. Walker: Spectroscopy, Vol. 1. Chapman and Hall, 1976.

1.    S. N. Goshal: Nuclear Physics, 2^nd Edn, S. Chand and Co, 2005.

2.    S. S. Kapoor and V. S. Ramamoorthy: Radiation Detectors, Wiley Eastern, 1986.

3.  G. F. Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2^nd Edn, John Wiley, 1989.

Performing experiment, taking readings, calculations, submission of results.

Conducting viva voice, asking questions to the students pertaining to the experiment followed by group disscussion.

This paper is intended to provide importance to the basic principles, theory and experimental details for understanding the structure, properties and applications of materials. Ten experiments are included to cover Laboratory-6, Materials Science-I

1.         Recording and analysis of Au X-ray photograph by Debye-Scherrer method

2.         Recording and analysis of Tungsten X-ray photograph by Debye-Scherrer method

3.         Recording and analysis of Cu X-ray photograph by Debye-Scherrer method

4.         Measurement of density of Urea and KCl crystals by floatation method

5.         Determination of ratio of crystallographic axes of a crystal by optical method

6.         Analysis of single crystal rotation photograph of NaCl

7.         Analysis of powder diffractogram of NaCl

8.         Study of variation of dielectric constant with temperature-ferroelectric sample

9.         Determination of activation energy of point defects

10.     Study of thermal expansion of a crystal by optical interference method

 2.      L. H. Van Vlack: Elements of materials science and engineering, Addison Wesley, New York 1989.

2.      J. C. Anderson, K. D. Leaver, J. M. Alexander and R. D. Rawlings: Materials science, Nelson, London 1974.

3.      V. Raghavan: Materials science and engineering, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi 2004.

4.      W. D. Callister: Materials science and engineering an introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1994.

5.    M. A. Omar: Elementary solid state physics- Principles and applications, Addison- Wesley, 2000.

Performing experiment, taking readings, calculations, submission of results.

Enhancing practical skills based on software.

Conducting viva voice, asking questions to the students pertaining to the experiment followed by group disscussion.

This lab module makes the students familiar with the design and working electronic instruments employed for measurement of various physical parameters in a laboratory environment.

1. Random access memory (RAM)-Using IC 54/7489

2. Analog to Digital conversion (ADC) using AD ADC 0804

3. Digital to Analog converter (DAC) -by IC MC1408 and current to voltage converter.

4. Instrumentation amplifier –Using OP-AMP and Transducer bridge

5. Multiplexer and Demultiplexer-( IC 74151,IC74138)

6. Encoder and Priority encoder- (IC74148 and IC74147)

7. Decoder and seven segment display- (IC 74LX138 and IC7447)

8. Adjustable voltage and current regulator using LM317

9. Dual voltage regulator using 78XX and 79XX and bridge rectifier

10. Experiments with Phase sensitive detector-Mutual inductance of a coil and low resistance of copper

11. Interfacing of an ADC to a COM port

12. Calibration of a thermocouple

This module introduces the students to the exciting filed of astrophysics. This covers the topics such as Fundamentals of Astrophysics, Astronomical Techniques, Sun & Solar system and Stellar Structure.

1. Pleidaes cluster distance

2. Globular cluster mass

3. Characteristics of a telescope

4. Classification of Stellar Spectra

5. Hydes cluster distance

6. Equivalent width of a spectral line

7. Mass of Jupiter from its moons periods

8. Photometric data analysis

9. Masses of binary stars

10. Characteristics of a CCD Camera

11. Proper motion of stars

12. Moon‟s distance by parallax method

13. Polarization of day/moon light

14. Orbital plane of moon

15. Numerical integration and Stefan‟s constant

Additonal experiments

1. Extinction coefficient of Earth‟s atmosphere using Vainu Bappu Observatory, Kavalur Telescopes

2. Photometry of Variable stars using CREST Telescope Facility, Hoskote

3. Spectroscopic studies of stars and Galaxies using 2 Meter Telescope of IUCAA, Pune

During second semester, students will get an opportunity to deliver lecture on their choice of interest. They will be trained how to prepare the subject matter efficiently and hence to present it satisfactorily, so that they will acquire teaching skills. The research methodology module is intended to assist students in planning and carrying out research projects. The students are exposed to the principles, procedures and techniques of implementing a research project. In this module the students are exposed to elementary scientific methods, design and execution of experiments, analysis and reporting of experimental data. A good number of students take up teaching profession, after completing their PG course. Hence a good foundation of teaching methodology will help them to become better teachers. The module in teaching methodology makes the students familiar with elements of educational technology, techniques of communication, instructional design and micro-teaching techniques.

Development of concept of teaching, Teaching skills, Chalk board skills, Teaching practices, Effective teaching, Models of teaching, Teaching aids (Audio-Visual), Teaching aids (Projected & Non projected), Communication skills, Feed back in teaching, Teacher's role and responsibilities, Information technology for teaching.

Introduction to research and research methodology, Scientific methods, Choice of research problem, Literature survey & statement of research problem, Design of experiments, Design of apparatus, Execution of experiments, Sampling and measurements, Data analysis, Errors in measurements, Reporting of results, Roles and responsibilities of research student and guide, publishing results, Research ethics.

Evaluation based on presentation by students

This module makes the students familiar with the importance of Energy resources in daily life. The first few sessions will be used to make the students familiar with the conventional energy resources. The important energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, biomass etc and sufficient way to tap these sources are discussed. Advancement in the field like different type of fuel cell and hydrogen as an energy source is also highlighted.

Review of energy resources, solar energy estimation of intensity of terrestrial radiation, solar radiation on inclined plane surface, estimation of monthly average, daily total radiation and diffused radiation on horizontal surface, solar collectors. Flat plate collector- compound & cylindrical parabolic concentrators- Solar water heater- solar passive space heating & cooling systems, solar cell characteristics, solar cell module, panel and array construction, applications solar cooker & furnaces, solar greenhouse. Solar thermo-mechanical systems- thermal water pump- vapour compression refrigerators.

Origin of winds, Factors affecting wind energy, Nature of winds, Variation of wind speed with height. Wind turbine, Energy available in wind- power extraction- Axial thrust or turbine, Torque developed by turbine, Dynamic matching for maximum power extraction. Wind turbine operation and power versus wind speed characteristics, Wind energy Conversion Systems- Fixed speed drive scheme- Variable speed drive scheme, Major applications of wind power, Wind-Diesel hybrid system. Tidal Energy-range power-tidal energy conversion schemes. Wave energy-Power in waves. Ocean Thermal Energy-OTEC.

Biofuels. Biomass resources-Biomass conversion Technologies. Urban waste to energy conversion. Biomass gasification. Biomass to Ethanol production. Biogas from waste Biomass. Biogas plants and operational parameters-Constant pressure and constant volume type Biogas plants-Comparison. Landfill reactors. Origin and distribution of Geothermal energy. Types of Geothermal resources. Hydro-thermal resources-dry steam system-wet steam system. Geopressured resources- hot dry rock resources-magma resources-exploration and development of geothermal resources, Environmental aspects.

Fuel cell- Classification of fuel cells –Phosphoric acid Fuel cell (PAFC), Alkaline Fuel Cell(AFC) –Solid polymer Fuel cell(SPFC) Molten carbonate Fuel cell(MCFC) Solid oxide Fuel cell (SOFC) FUEL for FUEL cells-efficiency of a fuel cell- V-I characteristics of Fuel cell. Chemical polarization- resistance polarization- concentration polarization- Fuel cell power plant hydrogen energy- production- storage conversion to energy sources and safety issues, Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) power conversion, MHD generator- MHD system- Thermal electric power conversion, Thermo electric power generator. Methanol and Hydrogen fuel cells.

This module introduces the students to Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, nuclear quadruple resonance spectroscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Magnetic properties of nuclei, Resonance condition, NMR experimental techniques and various methods of observing nuclear resonance in bulk materials viz., (i) wide line/ continuous wave NMR (ii) Pulsed NMR and (iii) FT NMR (brief discussion), nuclear spin- lattice and spin –spin relaxation processes, Chemical shift, indirect spin-spin interaction, high resolution Hamiltonian, matrix elements of high resolution Hamiltonian, NMR spectrum of spin ½ AB system, NMR spectra of solids- broadening of NMR absorption and dipolar broadening, Magic angle spinning NMR, applications of NMR spectroscopy.

Principle of ESR, total Hamiltonian, hyperfine structure, ESR spectra of systems with spin 1/2 and spin 3/2 nucleus, ESR spectra of free radicals in solution, anisotropic systems, anisotropy of g-factor, ESR of triplet state molecules, EPR of transition metal ions (general discussion), ESR spectrometer (block diagram level).

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance: The quadrupole nucleus, origin of quadruple moment, principle of nuclear quadrupole resonance, transitions for axially symmetric systems, transitions for non-axially symmetric systems, NQR instrumentation, halogen quadrupole resonance, quadrupole resonance of minerals, nitrogen quadrupole resonance. Mossbauer Spectroscopy: Recoilless emission and absorption of gamma rays, experimental techniques, isomer shift, quadrupole interaction, magnetic hyperfine interaction, Applications.

Theory of Raman scattering, rotational Raman spectra- Linear and symmetric top molecules- vibrational Raman spectra- Mutual exclusion principle, Raman spectrometer, polarization and Raman scattered light, structure determination from Raman and IR spectroscopy, Raman investigation of phase transitions, proton conduction in solids-Raman spectral study, Resonance Raman scattering.

This module introduces the students to various mechanical, physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of materials like single crystals, bulk materials, thin films and nanomaterials. 

Powder metallurgy: definition and concepts, applications, advantages and limitations, powder metallurgy process, characteristics of metal powders, production of metal powders, blending and mixing of powder, compacting, presintering and sintering, hot pressing, secondary operations, products of powder metallurgy. Processing of metals, polymers, ceramics, composites and glasses, application of bulk materials.

Crystal growth: Importance of growing single crystals, principles of crystal growth, thermodynamic theory of crystal growth, Gibb’s Thomson equation for vapour, modified Thomson equation for melt and solution. 

Growth from the melt: Czocharalski crystal pulling (CZ), Bridgman-Stockbarger technique, zone melting, advantages and disadvantages, vapour growth: PVD, CVD and CVT, solution growth: low temperature solution growth, factors affecting solution growth, methods of crystallization, high temperature solution growth, flux growth, hydrothermal growth, applications of single crystals.

Introduction, evaporation methods: thermal evaporation, flash evaporation, arc evaporation, laser evaporation, resistive heating, RF heating, electron bombardment heating, cathodic sputtering, glow discharge sputtering, reactive sputtering, sputtering of multicomponent materials.

Chemical methods: introduction, electrodeposition, electrolytic deposition: electroless deposition, anodic oxidation, chemical vapour deposition of thin films, thermal decomposition.

Vacuum deposition apparatus, vacuum systems, rotary pump, diffusion pump, pirani and penning gauges, substrate deposition technology, applications of thin films.

Physical  methods: mechanical  methods- high  energy  ball  milling,  melt  mixing, evaporation methods- physical vapour deposition with  consolidation,  ionized  cluster  beam  deposition,  laser vapourization, laser pyrolysis, sputter deposition (dc and rf), magnetron sputtering, chemical vapour deposition of nanomaterials, electric arc deposition, ion implantation technique, Molecular beam epitaxy. 

Chemical  methods: colloids  in  solutions- interactions  of  colloids  and  medium,  effect  of charges on colloids, synthesis of colloids, LaMer diagram, synthesis of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles by colloidal route, L-B method, sol-gel method, advantages.       

Nanolithography: introduction, lithography using photons (UV-Vis; lasers or X-rays), lithography using particle beams, Scanning probe lithography, soft lithography. 

[1] Joy George: Preparation of Thin Films, Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1992.

[2] Maissel and R. Glang: Hand Book of Thin Film Technology, Mc Graw Hill, 1969.

[3] M. Ohring: The Material Science of Thin Films, Academic Press, 1972.

[4] S. K. Kulkarni, Nanotechnology: Principles and practices, Capital Publishing Company,

     2007.

[5] G. Hodes: Chemical Solution Deposition of semiconductor Films, Marcel Dekker Inc, 2008.

[6] J. F. Shackelford and M. K. Murlidhara: Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,

      Macmillan Publishing Co., 1985.

[7] T. Pradeep: A Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tata McGraw Hill Education

      Pvt. Ltd, 2012. 

[1] H. J. Scheel and Peter Capper: Crystal Growth Technology, Wiley-VCH, 2008.

[2] P. Santhana Raghavan and P. Ramasamy: Crystal growth- Processes and Methods, K.  

      R. U. publications, 2000.

[3] S. K. Hajara Chaudhary: Material Sciences and Process, Indian Book Distributing Co,

     1985.

[4] K. L. Chopra: Thin Film Phenomenon, Mc Graw Hill, 1969.

[5] T. Pradeep: Nano, The essentials – Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,

     Tata Mac Graw Hills, 2007.

[6] O. P. Khanna: A textbook of Material Science and Metallurgy, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, 1994.

Class room tests are conducted for different levels of learning like (i) scientific knowledge of the subject (ii) descriptive writing to check their analytical skills (iii) problem solving sessions for testing their creative skills.

Student presentations and group discussion based on research publications based on the topics in the syllabus for promoting advanced learning.

This module introduces to the students some of the topics like semiconductor and semiconductor devices. The module includes working principle of different types of semiconductor devices, transistors, memory devices, negative resistance devices and photo voltaic devices.

Review of semiconductors-Intrinsic carrier concentration, donors and acceptors, Non degenerate semiconductor, Degenerate semiconductor. Carrier transport phenomena-carrier drift, resistivity, Hall Effect, carrier diffusion-Einstein relation. Current density equations. Generation and Recombination process-direct recombination-Indirect recombination-surface recombination-Auger recombination. Continuity equation. Tunneling process, High field effects.

Pn junction-thermal equilibrium condition, Depletion region-Abrupt junction-Linearly graded junction. Depletion capacitance -Capacitance-voltage characteristics. Varactor. Current-voltage characteristics. Charge storage and transient behavior-Minority-carrier storage-diffusion capacitance-transient behavior. Junction breakdown-Tunneling effect-Avalanche multiplication. Bipolar transistor- transistor action- Current gain. Static characteristics of bipolar transistor-carrier distribution in each region. Ideal Transistor currents for active mode operation. I-V characteristics of common-base and common-emitter configurations. Frequency response, Thyristor– Basic characteristics. Applications.

MOS Diode- Surface depletion region-energy band diagrams and charge distributions. MOS memory structures-DRAM-SRAM-Nonvolatile Memory, Charge coupled devices. MOSFET-characteristics-Types of MOSFET. Applications. Metal-Semiconductor contacts- Schottky Barrier. Ohmiccontact. MESFET-Principle of operation I-V characteristics. Applications High frequency performance. MODFET fundamentals, I-V characteristics. Applications.

Tunnel diode-Characteristics. IMPATT diode- static and dynamic characteristics. Applications. BARRIT and TRAPATT. Applications. Transferred- electron devices-Gunn diode-negative differential resistance. Application Photonic devices-Light emitting diodes-Orangic LED, Visible LED, Infrared LED. SemiconductorLaser-Laseroperation.Photodetector- Photoconductor- photodiode-Avalanche photo diode. Solar cell-characteristics-maximum output power-efficiency. Applications.

This module introduces the students with the advanced topics in Astrophysics. Stellar Atmospheres, Stellar Evolution, Interstellar Medium and Interstellar Dust & Interstellar Extinction.

Radiation field parameters - intensity, flux, energy density, radiation pressure, application to black body radiation as example of isotropic radiation, equation of radiative transfer and its general solution, emergent radiation in stellar atmosphere, atmospheric extinction, optical depth and photon mean free path, photon diffusion in solar interior, expression for radiative temperature gradient in stellar interior, Eddington approximation, limb darkening, temperature-optical depth relation, Eddington-Barbier relation

Overview of the ISM, Types of interstellar media, Physical description of the ISM (various equilibria), Models of the ISM, Heating & cooling mechanisms, Thermal stability & equilibrium (2-phase models). Neutral atomic gas (HI regions): Interstellar UV & Visible absorption line observations, Radiative transfer in Lines & Line formation, line broadening mechanisms, Equivalent width, Interstellar HI Lyman absorption lines, Gas-phase abundance of metals, 21cm hydrogen line, 21cm line formation in absorption & emission. Stromgren sphere, Ionized gas (HII regions) & the physical processes.

Interstellar clouds- H2 molecules, CO and other tracer molecules. H2 formation and destruction mechanisms, self-shielding. Radiative transfer for mm-wavelength transitions, Critical density & molecular line “visibility”, Column density of neutral (HI) & molecular hydrogen (H2), UV Lyman-Werner bands, Near-Infrared Vibrational-Rotational emission lines, Excitation diagrams. Interstellar reddening, Extinction curve, Interstellar grains, Optical/material properties of dust grains, Basic grain parameters, Optical depth & albedo, Physical properties of dust grains- materials, shapes & sizes, Grain mixture models, Grain formation & destruction, Interstellar polarization, Equilibrium heating of large grain, Dust mass estimates, Non-equilibrium heating of tiny grains, observed elemental depletion patterns. Implications for grain composition. Correlation between extinction and hydrogen column density

Formation of proto stars, Jean‟s mass and Jean‟s length, homologous collapse, fragmentation, star formation in galaxies, the virial theorem, pre-main sequence evolution, time scales, main sequence evolution, late stages of stellar evolution, fate of massive stars, discovery of Sirius-B, white dwarfs (WDs), Quantum mechanics of degenerate matter; Mass-radius relation for low mass WDs, Chandrasekhar limit, cooling of WD, Mass-radius relation for neutron stars, pulsars, crab nebula pulsar, Stellar and super massive black holes.

[2]. R. Bowers and T. Deeming: Astrophysics I & II, Bartlett, 1984,

[2]. R. Bowers and T. Deeming: Astrophysics I & II, Bartlett, 1984,

This module introduces the students to the various  structural, thermal, electrical, magnetic and optical characterization techniques for materials. 

Surface spectroscopy:Importance, Basic principles of  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, loss spectroscopy, absorption and desorption, different energy analysis. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS): principle, instrumentation, sample analysis, limitations.

Thermal characterization methods- Differential scanning calorimetry, and Differential thermal analysis-working principles, experimental aspects, Measurement of temperature and enthalpy change, Applications. Thermogravimetric analysis-instrumentation, experimental aspects, interpretation of thermogravimetric curves, applications.       

UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy:Theory of electronic spectroscopy-orbital’s involved in electronic transitions, laws of light absorption,-Beer’s and Lamberts law, Instrumentation, UV-spectrophotometer, sample and reference cells, application of UV-Vis spectroscopy, Band gap determination (Direct , Indirect).

Pump probe and ultra-fast spectroscopy (qualitative).

Microscopic techniques:  Electron lenses, factors limiting the performance of electromagnetic lenses, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron   microscopy (TEM).

Atomic force microscopy(AFM):Operating principle, Different operating modes: Contact, tapping, non-contact, forces between the tips and surfaces, limitations of AFM.     

2.   C. R. Brundle, C. A. Evans Jr. and S. Wilson: Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization-Surface, Interfaces, Thin Films, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 1992.

3.   D. B. Holt, and D. C. Joy: SEM Characterization of semiconductors, Academic Press, New Delhi, 1989.

4.   N. Banwell: Fundamental of molecular spectroscopy, TMH, New Delhi, 1994.

5.   K. Dieter: Schroder, Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, Wiley-IEE Press, 2006.

2.   A. D. Krawitz: Introduction to Diffraction in Materials Science and Engineering, John Willey and Sons Inc, 2001.

3.   R. Blanchard: Atomic Force Microscopy, The Chemical Educator, Vol. 1, No. 5, 1-8, 1996.

This module introduces to the students some of the topics like angle modulation and digital modulation. The module includes amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, pulse modulation, receivers, transmitters etc.

Review on amplitude modulation, frequency spectrum, representation of am. Power radiation in the am wave. Generation of AM, Modulated transistor amplifiers. AM transmitter (block diagram), Single sideband techniques, Suppression of carrier, The balanced modulator, Suppression of side band filter method and phase shift method. Frequency modulation, Mathematical representation of FM, Frequency spectrum of FM wave. FM transmitter (block diagram), Phase modulation, Intersystem comparison. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis. Generation of FM, Reactance modulator, Varactor diode modulator.

Tuned radio-frequency receiver, Superheterodyne receiver. AM receivers, RF section and Characteristics, Intermediate frequency amplifiers, Detection and automatic gain control. FM receivers, Comparison with AM receivers, Amplitude limiter, FM demodulator, Balanced slope detector, Phase discriminator, Ratio detector. SSB receivers, Demodulation of SSB, product modulator and balanced modulator. Block diagrams of pilot carrier receiver and suppressed carrier receiver.

Sampling theory, Ideal and practical sampling, reconstruction, Pulse amplitude modulation, Pulse width modulation, Pulse position modulation Digital communications: Pulse code modulation. Qualitative description of digital modulation technique-ASK, FSK, PSK. Characteristics of data transmission circuits, Digital codes, error detection and correction. 

Multiplexing: frequency division multiplex, time division multiplex. Modem classification, Modem interfacing, Interconnection of data circuits to telephone loops. Network organizations, switching systems, network protocols

Review of Television fundamentals-Monochrome transmission-scanning-composite video waveform-Monochrome reception- Deflection circuits-Colour television-Basic ideas of high definition TV-LCD-LED TV. Basic optical communication system, wave propagation in optical fiber media, step and graded index fiber, material dispersion and mode propagation, losses in fiber, optical fiber source and detector, optical joints and coupler. Digital optical fiber communication system, First/Second generation system, Data communication network

This module introduces the students with the topics such as Radio Astronomy & Space Astronomy, The Milky Way Galaxy, Extra Galactic Astronomy and General Relativity and Cosmology.

Radio window, optical thickness, brightness temperature, radio telescopes, resolution, sensitivity, noise temperature, synthesis of telescopes, interferometer, radio sources, their spectra, thermal and non-thermal mechanisms, 21cm line, other spectral lines, study of molecules, infra-red sources and detectors, ultraviolet astronomy, X-ray emission mechanisms, X-ray detection techniques, X-ray telescopes, gamma ray telescopes, gamma ray production mechanisms, Cerenkov radiation detection, Hubble space telescope, space missions.

Counting of stars in the sky, star clusters-globular-open- association, historical models, Morphology of the galaxy, different populations, Mass distribution, estimate of the total mass of the galaxy, Kinematics of the Milky Way, Differential rotation of the Galaxy, Rotational curves, Oort's constants, Galactic center, Super massive black hole and jets.

Galactic structure: local and large scale distribution of stars and interstellar matter, the spiral structure, the galactic centre. Galactic dynamics, stellar relaxation, dynamical friction, star clusters, density wave theory of galactic spiral structure, chemical evolution in the galaxy, stellar populations, Morphological classification of galaxies, active galaxies, clusters of galaxies, interactions of galaxies, dark matter, evolution of galaxies. AGN, Quasars and theory of Gravitational lensing.

Foundations of general relativity, elements of tensor analysis, Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetimes, black hole physics, gravitational radiation, gravitational lensing, The redshift, Hubble's Law, uniform expansion, distance measures, Cepheids, Type I supernovae, Hubble's constant, the cosmological principle, Isotropy, Homogenity, Pseudo-Newtonian cosmology, Dynamical evolution, cosmological solutions, age of the universe, matter content, dark matter, relativistic cosmology, curvature of space, cosmological constant, CMBR, observational tests. Theories of universe, Big-bang, expansion of universe, CMB radiation, Olber's paradox.

Laboratory-7 gives practical exposure on structural, morphological, electrical and magnetic characterizations of materials.  The experiments provide insight to the fundamental concepts and advanced knowledge on thin films, crystalline and polycrystalline samples.

1.         Determination of ferromagnetic Curie temperature-Monel metal

2.        Recording and analysis of x-ray powder photograph of KCl by Debye-Scherrer method.

3.        Recording and analysis of x-ray powder photograph of NaCl by Debye-Scherrer method

4.        Measurement of ionic conductivity of crystals

5.        Study of photo-elasticity of a crystal

6.        Thermoelectric power of thin film samples

7.        DC electrical conductivity measurement

8.        Metallurgical microscope- grain size measurement

9.        Determination of Fermi energy of Copper

10.    Study of solid-liquid phase diagram (naphthalene-biphenyl system)

11.    Determination of activation energy of point defects by resistance measurements

12.    X-ray analysis of ZnO nanoparticles by Scherrer method

13.    Resistivity measurement by Van der Pauw method

2.      L. H. Van Vlack: Elements of materials science and engineering, Addison Wesley, New York 1989.

2.        J. C. Anderson, K. D. Leaver, J. M. Alexander and R. D. Rawlings: Materials science, Nelson, London 1974.

3.        V. Raghavan: Materials science and engineering, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi 2004.

4.        W. D. Callister: Materials science and engineering an introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1994.

 5.        M. Ali Omar: Elementary solid state physics- Principles and applications, Addison- Wesley, 2000.

Performing experiment, taking readings, calculations, submission of results.

Enhancing practical skills based on software.

Conducting viva voice, asking questions to the students pertaining to the experiment followed by group disscussion.

This lab module makes the students familiar with the advanced level digital electronic devices and the experiments with these instruments.

1. Amplitude modulation-Using transistor BC107

2. Amplitude demodulation

3. Pulse width modulation-Using transistor SL100

4. Voltage controlled oscillator-Using IC555

5. Frequency modulation-Using IC8038

6. Frequency demodulation- Using PLL circuit-IC565

7. Frequency shift keying (FSK)-Using IC8038

8. Amplitude shift keying (ASK)- Using IC4016

9. Frequency to voltage converter-Using LM2917

10. Time division multiplexing-Using Counters and FFs

11. Modulated signal transmission through optical fiber & demodulation

12. Pulse amplitude modulation-Using transistor SL100

13. PC communication through optical fiber using MAX-232

14. Frequency response of an IF-amplifier-single stage

This lab module makes the students familiar with the various experiments in Astrophysics such as Solar constant determination, Solar rotation period from sunspot motions, Declination of the sun, Efficiency of solar cells, Determining Hubble's parameter etc.

1. Solar constant determination

2. Solar rotation period from sunspot motion

3. Declination of the sun

4. Efficiency of solar cells

5. Cepheid variables distance

6. Determining Hubble‟s parameter

7. Solving differential equations by Euler and RK-4 methods

8. Solution of Lane-Emden equation.

9. Distances of Pulsars

10. Bending of light due to Sun

11. Structure of White Dwarfs

12. Large scale structure of the Universe.

Additional Experiments

1. Detection of radio signals from Jupiter and other Sources

2. Study of delta Scuti type stars

3. Solar limb darkening

4. Radio observations of strong radio sources using Gauribidnoor Radio Telescope and Ooty Radio Telescopes

5. Solar observations using Kodaikanal Solar Telescope

6. IR Photometry and Polarimetric observations of stars using Mount Abu Telescope