Syllabus for
Master of Science (Zoology)
Academic Year  (2018)

The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) internal evaluation and (b) external evaluation. 50% weightage shall be given to internal evaluation and the remaining 50% to external evaluation and the ratio and weightage between internal and external is 1:1.  (a) Internal evaluation: The internal evaluation shall be based on predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and attendance in respect of theory courses and based on written tests, lab skill/records/viva and attendance in respect of practical courses. 

Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms. The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them. This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

 This course will make the students adept in the structure and functions of these microbes which in turn will give them confidence to work using these organisms. The students will become competent for jobs in dairy, pharmaceutical, industrial and clinical research.

History of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy – TEM and SEM, Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms, Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, Bergey’s manual, Staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Microbial Taxonomy: Pure culture techniques (Streaking, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution), Identification of microorganisms – Morphological, Biochemical, serological and molecular techniques.

Bacterial cell structure, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, Cellwall, flagella, pili and capsule – structure & functions, endospore formation, Features of mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Prions and diseases caused.

Microbial metabolism: Aerobic, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Bacterial photosynthesis, oxidation of inorganic molecules. Growth curve, factors affecting growth, Nutritional classification, Microbial associations (Mutualism, Syntrophism, Proto-cooperation, Commensalism, Ammensalism,Predation, Parasitism, Saprophytism, Satellitism and Endozoic microbes), Stress physiology: effect of oxygen toxicity, pH, osmotic pressure, heat shock on bacteria, HSPs, thermophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles and barophiles and their adaptations and significance,  Nitrogen fixation mechanisms and genes involved.

Hepatitis B virus. RNA viruses: HIV, bacteriophages-. Lifecycle of Lambda phage. Evolution and mutation of viruses. Cultivation and assay of viruses: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures

Fungi:- Structural features, Ainsworth’s system of classification, salient features of division, reproduction of fungi, fungi as food, as plant pathogens, control measures of fungi, Mycorrhizae- ecto and endomycorrhizae, significance, Algae:- Salient features, classification (Fritsch’s) and reproduction, measurement of algal growth, strain selection and large scale cultivation, Symbiotic algae, use as biofuel.

Major Bacterial diseases – Typhoid, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia and Cholera, Viral diseases - Dengue, Chikungunya, Rabies. Emerging viruses – H1N1, Ebola, Zika. Major parasitic diseases –Malaria, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis- pathogen, lifecycle and treatment measures. Etiology, symptoms and control measures of some plant diseases - Bacterial blight of rice, Late blight of potato, Coconut Root wilt, Ginger Soft Rot, Downy Mildew of Grapes, Rust of Wheat, Red Rot of Sugarcane.

Concepts of pathogenesis, virulence and epidemiology, Disease classification - Epidemic, endemic and pandemics, CDC and its role, normal human microflora, gut microbiota and its relevance. Diagnosis and control of infections, Antibiotic – types and mechanism of action, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, Drug resistance in bacteria – causes and consequences, super bugs.

Microbes in food manufacture (Yeast, Lactobacillus etc), food spoilage (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia etc, mycotoxins - aflatoxins, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids), agriculture (Rhizobium, Trichoderma etc), environmental management, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics - hydrocarbons, pesticides and plastics, Bioleaching of Copper, Iron , Uranium, Gold.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The paper is intended to develop understanding and provide scientific basis of the inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms. It also gives a thorough knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids), and the metabolic and bioenergetic pathways within the cell. Students learn to interpret and solve clinical problems.

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH₂), Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential.Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions.Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins).

Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Amino acids: Structure, properties, classification and functions, reactions of amino acids, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids,.

Proteins- peptide bond, psi and phi angle, Ramachandran's plot,Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds), conformational analysis. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship. Thermodynamics of protein folding, chaperones and chaperonins, Stability of Protein Structures, examples of  specific proteins; Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin; Denaturation and renaturation of proteins; neurotransmitters, Peptide hormones .

Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, basic glutamine and glutamic acid pathways, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Enzyme nomenclature and classification, Isolation of enzymes. Extraction of soluble and membrane bound enzymes: Purification of enzymes-Criteria for purification; Assay of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity, Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Synthetic enzymes, Ribozymes. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, Lineweaver–Burk, Edde-Hofstee and Hanes-Woolf equations. Pre-steady state kinetics. Fast kinetics to elucidate the intermediates and rate limiting steps.

Enzyme inhibition: types of inhibitors; Mechanism of enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glyco lipids, Steroids-cholesterol-bile salts, steroid hormones,Cerebrosides, lipoamino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leucotrienes and thromboxane).Role of lipids in biomembranes

Metabolism of Lipids: Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders (Triglyceridemia, NaymanSacchs Disease).

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides.

Nucleic acid metabolism: Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as co-enzymes. Metabolic Disorders –A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones:Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands, Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH,T3,T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesteron, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Biosynthesis, Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid, Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways).

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Nelson, D. C. and Cox, M.M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 2010.

Voet D., Voet J.G, Biochemistry 4th Edition., John Wiley and Sons, 2011.

Elliott, W.H., Elliott, D.C. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3^rd Indian edition, Pub. Oxford.

Mathews, Van Holde and Ahern, Biochemistry by 3^rd edition, Pub Pearson education

Berg J.M., Tymoczko J.L. and Stryer L., Biochemistry. 7th edition, W.H. Freeman and Co. New York, 2011.

Kuchel, P.W., Ralston Schaums, G.B. Outlines of Biochemistry 2^nd edition Pub: Tata.

Devlin, T.M. (1997). Biochemistry with clinical correlations, Wiley-Liss Inc. NY

Zubey, G.L. Parson, W.W., Vance, D.E. (1994). Principles of Biochemistry WmC Brown publishers. Oxford.

Edwards and Hassall. Biochemistry and Physiology of the cell 2^ndEdn. McGraw Hill Co. UK. Ltd.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

This paper has been designed in a standard manner to impart knowledge of the cell and its various attributes among the post graduate students. The topics included in this paper gives not only the basic idea about the subject but also provides in-depth knowledge. Students get an idea about the cellular structures, as well as how these structures are helpful for the cell to communicate with its environment and transduction of various signals, whether intracellular or extra-cellular. Furthermore, students also learn the mechanism of mitotic and meiotic cell division as well as how the cell cycle is regulated. The course structure also fulfils the important criteria regarding the preparation of students for the competitive examinations, for e.g. National Eligibility Test (NET), conducted by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), as well as various other entrance examinations for pursuing doctoral research.

Students can apply their knowledge of cell biology in not only performing research at post graduate level, but also in the doctoral level. The advanced studies are being conducted in all the topics that have been included in the paper, for e.g. cellular communication, signal transduction, cell cycle etc.

Introduction: Discovery of cells, basic properties and classes of cells. Study of cells: Microscopy: Brief overview of Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, Confocal Microscopes, Scanning probe microscope, micrometry. Purification of cells and their parts: cells separation and culture, flow cytometry, fractionation of cell contents.

Structure: History of studies on plasma membrane structure, Singer-Nicolson Model, Chemical composition of plasma membrane: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Dynamic nature of plasma membrane: role of lipids in membrane fluidity, diffusion of proteins, restrictions of lipids and proteins mobility: fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking, membrane domains and cell polarity.

Functions: Movement of substance across the membrane: Energetics of movement of solute, partition coefficient, Simple diffusion: mechanism, ion channels and types (voltage, ligand and mechano-gated ion channels), Facilitated diffusion (Glucose transport, GLUT proteins) and active transport (structure and working of F0-F1 ATPase, Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, P and V-type ATPases, H+/K+ ATPase, ABC transporters); Cotransport(Uniport, Symport and Antiport); Membrane potentials and Nerve impulse: resting potential, action potential and its propagation as an impulse.

Cell wall: Primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall; Lysosomes: structure and functions, autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum: structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex: structure and function and movement of materials through golgi apparatus. Structure and function of mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria: mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial matrix; Structure and function of chloroplast: basic structure, photosynthetic units and reaction centers; Functions: photosynthetic pigments and absorption of light, photophosphorylation; carbon dioxide fixation: synthesis of carbohydrates in C3, C4 and CAM plants.

Principles and importance; Whole mount preparation; Types of microscopic slides; Types of microtome; Process: Killing and fixing, Types fixation & fixatives, Dehydration, Microtome sectioning, Stains and staining, Mounting and mountants; Histochemical techniques for starch, protein, lipid and lignin; Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: Material collection, fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining.

Study of cytoskeleton:  Live cell fluorescence imaging, in vitro and in vivo single molecule assays; Microtubules: Structure, microtubule associated proteins, properties of microtubules with reference to the structures and functions of cilia and flagella; Intermediate filaments: structure and function; Microfilaments: basic Structure and function with reference to myosin.

Extra cellular matrix; Communication between cells and extracellular materials: roles of integrins, focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes; Communication between cells and other cells: roles of selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, adherens junctions and desmosomes; Tight Junctions; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesmata

Signaling mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers, enzyme tyrosine kinase, steroid receptors, role of calcium and NO as intracellular messenger, signaling via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, two-component signaling in plants and bacteria; Quorum sensing.

Phases and progression of cell cycle; Control of cell cycle: Major events, cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdks), suppression of Cdk by Cdk-Inhibirotry Proteins (CdI), dependence of Cdks on transcriptional regulation, biochemical switches in cell cycle, mitogen stimulated cell division: G1-Cdk and G1/S Cdk activities; Apoptosis: role of Caspases, Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways, roles of Bcl2 and IAPs in apoptosis, inhibition of apoptosis by extracellular factors; Necrosis.

Cancer: Benign and Malignant tumors, metastasis, oncogenes (retinoblastoma) and tumor suppressor genes (p53).

G. Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 6^th ed. USA: Wiley and Sons, 2009.

G. M. Cooper and H. E. Robert, The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 6^th ed. USA: S Sinauer Associates Inc., 2013.

B. J. Alberts, B. Alexander, and L. Julian, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5^th ed.  New York: Garland Science, 2008.

P. S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2010.

A. Paul, Text Book of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed. India: Books and Allied (P) Ltd;, 2011.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Students will be informed of various aspects of research such as formulation, designing, scientific documentation and communication, as well as, ethics involved. Students will also be informed about the plagiarism. They will also gain knowledge about the involvement of statistics in reserch.

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical); Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem; Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review; Hypothesis -Null and alternate hypothesis and testing of hypothesis -Theory, Principle, Law and Canon.

Research Design -Basic principles, Meaning, Need and features of good design, Important concepts; Types of research designs; Development of a research plan -Exploration, Description, Diagnosis, Experimentation, determining experimental and sample designs; Data collection techniques, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies.

Workbook maintenance, Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

Sources of Information -Primary and secondary sources; Library - books, Journals: Indexing journals, abstracting journals, research journals, review journals, e-journals. Impact factor of journals, NCBI-Pub Med.; periodicals, reference sources, abstracting and indexing sources, Reviews, Treatise, Monographs, Patents. Internet -Search engines and software, Online libraries, e-Books, e-Encyclopedia, TED Talk, Institutional Websites; Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks, plagiarism, Geographical indications; Safety and precaution - ISO standards for safety, Lab protocols, Lab animal use, care and welfare, animal houses, radiation hazards; Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Animal Ethical Committees and Constitution.

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observationalstudies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossoverstudies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs,Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events andmultiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian,Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit,independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals,Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Decision about single mean (normal population andnon-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decisionabout two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustrationfor comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two way, A-priori comparison,Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), Predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linearregression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing tworegression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression,Comparing correlation and regression.

1.      Dawson, C. Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi. 2002.

2.      Ruzin, S.E. Plant microtechnique and microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A., 1999.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

To understand what is meant by concentration, by volume, and by amount, and their interrelationships

Make the students able to convert multiples of one unit to another

To make the students understand that there is a physical limit to the volume of a solution you can pipette, determined by your equipment

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Assignment - 10 

Mini project - 20 

exam -          20

Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms. The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them. This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs. 

1.      Safety rules, instrumentation and media preparation-- Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose Agar, differential media etc.

2.      Staining techniques: Simple, Differential:acid-fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic inclusion, vital stains: flagella, spore and nuclear staining.

3.      Collection and processing of clinical samples for microbiological examination

4.      Antimicrobial susceptibility tests- a. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and Dilution sensitivity test-MIC and MBC against Yeast and other fungi.

5.      Mutagenesis- By physical and Chemical agents

6.      Production and separation of aflatoxin using paper chromatography.

7.      Determination of Growth of bacteria, yeast and algae – Growth curve and generation time.

8.      Isolation and culture of Rhizobium and production of biofertilizer

9.      Biochemical tests Catalase, oxidase, IMViC, motility, gelatine test, urease, coagulase, nitrate reduction, acid and gas from glucose, chitin, starch.

10.  Isolation of fungi from soil: Dilution plate method, Warcup method, stamping method.

11.  Plaque assay.

12.  Screening for antibiotic producing microbes (antibacterial, antifungal)

13.   Visit to microbiology R & D lab.

1.            Laboratory safety guidelines

2.            Preparation of buffers applying HH equation

3.            Validation of Beer-Lambert’s Law (colorimetery and spectrophotometer)

4.            Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates

5.            Analysis of Amino Acids and Sugars (TLC and Colorimetric)

6.            Isolation and quantification of protein (Folin Lowry/BCA, Bradford).

7.            Purification of protein by affinity chromatography

8.            Determination of isoelectric pH of proteins / amino acids

9.            Determination of specific activity, Km & Vmax, Optimum pH, Temperature of Amylase/Alkaline phosphatase /protease/cellulase

10.        Isolation, qualitative and quantitative analysis of fatty acids and lipids.

11.        Acid values Iodine number & Saponification values of fats

12.        Estimation of Ascorbic acid in citrus using 2, 6 dichlorophenol Indophenol.

13.        Simple assays for vitamins and hormones

14.        Bilirubin, Cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, urea and uric acid estimation 

S Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Biochemical Methods, 2^nd ed. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers Ltd., 1996

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End semester Examination pattern

Instructions

1.      Question number 1-3 should be completed fully on first day. *Question number 4-6, writing part should be completed on first day. Question number 7-9 will be on second day.

2.      The principle should be written precisely and to the point. Do not try to write everything written in the record. The procedure can be written in the form of a flow chat.

The paper imparts practical knowledge on the biology of cells and also on the basic experiments in biochemistry. It deals with detailed microscopic studies of basic cell multiplication processes like mitosis and meiosis. Microscopy techniques are given utmost importance.   Furthermore, knowledge of research methodology and biostatistics is important for understanding the research as well as application of statistical test in research.

•      Study of mitosis in root tip

•      Study of meiosis of flower bud

•      Study of Plasmolysis- deplasmolysis using micrometry

•      Study of Barr body in the epithelial cells

•      Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast cells and goat liver

•      Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from spinach

•      Estimation of chlorophyll in isolated chloroplasts

•      Comparative study of chloroplast number and chlorophyll content in different plant families

•      Permanent slide preparation

Research Methodology

• Visit a scientific library or documentation center and submit a report.

•      Prepare a project proposal.

•      Prepare an outline of dissertation and research paper.

• •      Prepare a list of references

Biostatistics:

•      Contingency table, frequency table

•      Simple bar chart, stem and leaf plot

•      Histogram, Box and whisker plot

•      Scatter plot

•      One sample t-test, independent t-test, paired t-test

•      Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Mann-Whitney U

•      One way ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test

•      Correlation, linear regression, ANACOVA.

• SPSS/SAS/minitab/excel

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End Semester Examination:

Time: 6 Hours                                                                     Total Marks: 100

1.      Isolation of chloroplast and estimation of chlorophyll content from the given sample                                                                                                (20 marks)

OR

Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from the given sample

OR

Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 4 marks; Procedure: 4 marks; Results and discussion: 10 marks)                                   

2.      Preparation of buccal smear for the study of Barr body                   (15 marks)

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of mitosis.

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of meiosis.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 3 marks; Procedure: 2 marks; Results and discussion: 8 marks)

3.      Logical Reasoning                                                                 (3 X 3 marks = 9 marks

4.      Spotters                                                                                (4 X 4 marks = 16 marks)

5.      Viva                                                                                                    (10 marks)

6.      Problems in Biostatistics                                                                   (30 marks)

This module aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the basic concepts of molecular biology. The structural and functional aspects of basic biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein and the mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene regulation will be dealt with. The course facilitates the students to have a strong understanding of the molecular basis of life and the underlying genetic principles.

Nucleic Acids: - DNA and RNA as genetic material and the proof (Griffith Experiment, Avery-McCarthy-McCleod Experiment, Hershey Chase Experiment, Biochemical evidences, Experiments using HRV and TMV)

Watson and Crick model of DNA (Structure of Bases, Nuceosides and nucleotides, Chargaff Rule, Watson and Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, physical measurements of DNA, antiparallel nature), Different forms for DNA (A, B and Z), chemical and spectroscopic properties of DNA (Effect of temperature:- denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Absorption of UV light, density gradient centrifugation, intercalating agents, effects of Acid and Alkali on DNA, solubility of DNA), DNA supercoiling (negative and positive super coiling), Topoisomerase (Types and mechanisms). Hypothesis on DNA replication, Proof for Semi conservative model of replication of DNA (Meselson and Stahl Experiment, Thymidine incorporation Assay), Polarity of DNA replication, Prokaryotic DNA Replication Machinery: Gyrase, helicase, DNA polymerases (types, functions, properties) Origin of replication of DNA, Primer, Growing Fork, Mechanism of DNA replication (initiation, elongation (lagging and leading strand synthesis) and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Multiple origins of replication, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, End replication problem and its solution (Telomere and telomerases and its significance in replication and involvement in cancer and aging). Models of DNA replication: Theta model and Rolling circle model, D-loop method. Inhibitors of DNA replication 

Mutation: Definition and Types (Point mutation: Substitution, Addition, Deletion; Frame-shift Mutation, Missense and nonsense mutation, forward and reverse mutation, suppression mutation. Somatic and germ line mutation, Transition and transversion, Neutral nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation, lethal mutation) causes of mutation: Spontaneous (Wooble base pairing, addition and deletion by DNA looping out, spontaneous chemical changes: oxidative damage, alkylation and deamination) and Induced mutations (UV, base analogues, alkylating, Hydroxylating and deaminating agents.

Photoreactivation, Mismatch repair, excision repair (BER and NER), SOS repair and recombination repair, Homologous and non-homologous; Site specific recombination; Chi sequences in prokaryotes; Gene targeting; Gene disruption; FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination

Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- concept of Gene, structure of genes, Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and choloroplast, functions, significance, role in evolutionary studies. Transposable elements – classes, transposons in bacteria, maize and drosophila, retrotransposons, LINEs and SINEs, transposons and mutations. 

Structure and functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA, hnRNA and siRNA, Ribozymes, RNA polymerases, Transcription – initiation (Structure of promoter, initiation factors, mechanism of initiation), elongation (factors and mechanism) and termination (mechanism and types of termination: rho dependent and rho independent), transcription factors and its importance, Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, Differential Polyadenylation, splicing, capping. 

Properties of Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (activation and attachment of amino acid to tRNA, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain), role of Ribosomes in Protein synthesis, post translational modifications of proteins- (glycosylation, protein folding, acetylation, phosphorylation), polysomes, protein stability, Protein transport and regulation(Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome).

Operon concept and its advantages, anabolic (trp operon) and catabolic operon (lac operon), Regulation of Gene expression in Eukaryotes– Britten Davidson model, Zinc finger as DNA Binding domain, Zinc finger is present in steroid hormone receptors, superfamily of ligand responsive transcription factors for thyroid hormones, genes active are DNase I sensitive, HMG proteins and chromatin configuration, activators, enhancers, silencers, DNAlooping in transcriptional regulation, RNA interference, DNA (methylation) Ubiquitination, and Histone (acetylation) modifications, Genes that regulate embryogenesis in C. elegans, gene silencing, RNA silenceing.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The objective of the course is to impart in depth knowledge about the concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, biology of cloning vehicles, vector and host considerations, gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in academic and industrial research. At the end of the course the student will have detailed knowledge of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

Introduction to rDNA technology, DNA modifying enzymes and its functions (DNA Polymerases, Klenow fragment, Ligase, S1 Nuclease, Mung Bean nuclease, Alkaline Phosphatase, Terminal Transferase, Polynucleotide kinases, Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Calf intestinal alkaline Phosphatases, Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatases, RNase A, RNase H, DNase 1, DNase II, Exonuclease III, Reverse Transcriptase) Restriction modification system, Restriction enzymes – function, classification (Based on recognition and restriction sequence:-type I, II and III; based on buffer salt concentration: - low, medium and high; based on pattern of restriction:-sticky (5’ and 3’) and blunt end cutters, Plasmids (Types, copy number, properties, origin of replication and incompatibility group, plasmid amplification), bacteriophages eg. λ (Life cycle, genome organization, feasibility as a cloning vehicle), Types of Cloning Vectors (structure and general features of General Purpose cloning vectors, Expression vectors, Promotor probe Vectors, shuttle vectors), Examples of cloning vectors (pBR322, pUC series of vectors, λ insertional and replacement vectors), derivatives of phages and plasmids (cosmids, phagemids, phasmids) cloning vectors for large DNA fragments and genomic DNA library YACs, PACs and BACs. Host and vector consideration, Host Organisms and its genotypes- JM 109 & DH5α, Selectable and scorable markers, reporter genes, prokaryotic and eukaryotic markers (lacZ, CAT, Gus, GFP,cre-loxP system, sac B system, npt II gene, luciferase gene, dhfr gene, herbicide resistance gene)

General strategies for isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, RNA, strategies for isolation of gene of interest (restriction digestion, PCR), Creation of r-DNA (Restriction Digestion, modification of vector and insert, linker, adaptors, homopolymer tailing, ligation), PCR Cloning, Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries (Selection of vectors and Complexity of library), Methods of gene transfer- Calcium chloride mediated, Electroporation, Biolistic gun, lipofection and microinjection. In vitro packaging.

Blotting techniques- Southern, Northern and Western, Differential display. Gene sequencing- Chemical, enzymatic, pyrosequencing, next generation sequencing, Immunological screening and colony and plaque hybridization, dot blot hybridization, chromosome walking, FISH, RACE, Chromosome walking.

Protein production by foreign DNA in the host bacteria E. coli, Factors influencing expression, properties of expression vector, examples of expression vectors, tags for purification of expressed proteins, FLAG expression vector system, cloning in pET vectors, eukaryotic vectors- Baculovirus based vectors, mammalian viral vectors., expression Host, Modification and folding of protein in-vitro, genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Genome Editing, 

RNA interference and gene silencing, Transgenic organisms, Advantages and disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms, Transgenic animal- Gene therapy. The Use of Transgenic animals in areas other than recombinant protein production. Transgenic plants- applications, special emphasis to pharmaceutical products. Engineered Nutritional Changes- golden rice, Engineered herbicide resistance, Engineered pesticide resistance. Production of recombinant proteins (Insulin), recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis B), Hormones (Human growth hormone). Genome projects and its Applications. International treaties/agreements in biosafety, public perception on rDNA technology, IPR related to rDNA technology. 

E. L. Winnacker, From Genes to Clones Introduction to Gene Technology,New Delhi, India: Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.

T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis-An Introduction. 5th ed. UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers. 2006.

B. R. Glick. J. J. Pasternak and C. L. Patten. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application of recombinant DNA. 4th ed. Washington D. C: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.

 S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

 J.  W.  Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Analytical tools are becoming very important tools in different fields of Biology. The paper deals with the principle, instrumentation and uses of such tools.  This course fulfils the basic knowledge in analytical techniques for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

This course will make the students adept in the working of analytical instruments. They also become confident to use bioinformatics softwares and work with different databases for applications in upcoming fields of biology, which in turn make them competent for jobs in clinical and medical data analysis labs.

Concept of pH, Henderson Hesselbach equation. Importance of buffers in living systems – bicarbonate buffer, phosphate buffer. Breaking of cells by chemical and physical methods, ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins. Extractions: Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction) type and choice of solvents.

Centrifugation: Principle of centrifugation, the Swedberg equation, types of centrifuges and rotors. Density gradient centrifugation, Cesium chloride and sucrose density gradients; examples of separations, analytical ultracentrifuges. Ultra-filtration -Principle, instrumentation and application. Dialysis-principle and uses. Precipitation- methods and applications. Flow Cytometry; Principle and uses.

Chromatography- principle, types (Column, Ion exchange, Gel permeation, Affinity), Gas chromatography, HPLC, HPTLC

Electrophoresis - buffers, agarose gel electrophoresis, native and SDS -PAGE, Isoelectric focusing, Zymogram, 2 D gel electrophoresis, DGGE, PFGE, Protein staining, trouble shooting, 

Protein purification methods, salt fractionation, salting in and salting out, methods of crystallizing proteins

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, GC-MS, LC-MS, X ray crystallography.

Radioactive isotope, Radioactivity and units of radioactivity (Curie, Rutherford and Becquerel).GM and Scintillation counters. radioactive decay, Radiocarbon dating, autoradiography, use of radioisotope tracer techniques in disease diagnosis, PET scan for tumor detection, Radioimmunoassay, ELISA, Western Blot, Nanoparticles – synthesis and uses, application of nanotechnology in disease diagnosis and treatment, Microarrays.

Introduction and application of bioinformatics. Definition and types, Nucleotide sequence database - brief note on EMBL, NCBI and DDBJ. Protein structure database [PDB]. Sequence alignment: pair wise and multiple alignments [Definition, applications, BLAST and FASTA, Clustal W, PAM and BLOSUM matrices].  ORF. Structure prediction, and molecular visualization – use of Rasmol, PDB, ExPASY and KEGG. Online tools – SDSC Biology workbench.

Genomics: Definition. Types [Structural, functional and comparative genomics].    Pharmacogenomics: Definition and its benefits in the health care sector. Genome projects- Human, Rice, Arabidopsis, Tomato, Hemophilusinfluenzae, Proteomics, Transcriptomics and Metabolomics – current status and potential applications in agriculture and medicine. Systems Biology- concept and applications.

Molecular phylogeny and phylogenetic trees, tools for phylogeny analysis, Computer aided drug design. Docking Studies - Target Selection, Active site analysis, Ligand preparation and conformational analysis, Rigid and flexible docking, Structure based design of lead compounds and Library docking.

T. Attwood and P. Smith. Introduction to Bioinformatics, USA: Pearson Education, 2007.

Brown TA. Genome III. Garland Science Publ.2007

Azuaje F &Dopazo J. Data Analysis and Visualization in Genomics and Proteomics. John Wiley & Sons.2005

K. Wilson and J. Walker,Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th ed.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

S. B. Primrose and R. Twyman R. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics. USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2013.

Gibson G & Muse SV. 2004. A Primer of Genome Science. Sinauer

Associates.

W. Taylor and D. Higgins. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks: A    Practical Approach, Oxford, 2000.

Jollès P &Jörnvall H. 2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics: Protein

Structure Analysis.

Campbell AM &Heyer L. 2004. Discovery Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Pearson Education.

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

The chapters on genetics make them appreciate the flow of inherited characters from one generation to the other and study about the interaction of different genes in different organisms. The students will also gain knowledge related to quantitative, population and evolutionary genetics, in addition to microbial genetics.

The students can apply their knowledge of genetics to selected examples of mutations as exemplified in many diseases and various chromosomal abberation related syndromes.

Transmission genetics, Molecular genetics and Population genetics (brief introduction). Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in maleDrosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single cross over, multiple cross over, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages.

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenicinheritance.

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; subspecies, sibling species, semi species, demes. Types of speciation - Phyletic speciation and True speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Bacterial and Bacteriophage Evolution, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Plasmids and Conjugation Systems Other than F, Plasmid Molecular Biology, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, T4 Bacteriophage as a Model Genetic System, Genetics of Other Intemperate Bacteriophages

1.      Benjamin Lewin (2000). Genes VII. Oxford university press.

2.      Gardner E J, Simmons M J, Snustad D P (1991). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons Inc.

3.      Snustad D P, Simmons M J (2000). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      Strickberger (2005). Genetics (III Edn). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

5.      William S Klug, Michael R Cummings (1994). Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall.

1.      Robert J Brooker (2009). Genetics: Analysis and principles (III Edn). McGraw Hill.

2.      Daniel L Hartl, Elizabeth W Jones (2009). Genetics: Analysis of genes and genomes (VII Edn). Jones and Bartlett publishers.

3.      D Peter Snustad, Michael J Simmons (2010). Principles of genetics (V Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      George Ledyard Stebbins (1971). Process of Organic evolution.

5.      Roderic D M Page, Edward C Holmes (1998). Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach.

6.      Blackwell Science Ltd.

7.      MaxtoshiNei, Sudhir Kumar (2000). Molecular Evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press.

8.      Katy Human (2006). Biological evolution: An anthology of current thought. The Rosen publishing group, Inc.

9.      Monroe W Strickberger (1990). Evolution. Jones and Bartlett publishers.

10.  E d w a r d A . B i r g e, Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 5^th Ed. Springer

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

Ethics in Science aims to provide formal training in the ethical questions and problems that arise in scientific and professional environments. The goals of this course are to contextualize standard ethics in science and to challenge and critically review current philosophies on scientific ethics. Emphasis will be placed on reasoning through conflicts and arguments through discussion, written assignments, and oral presentations.

1. Introduction to Ethics: Ethical Problem Solving, Interpersonal Relationships
2. Ethics in the Laboratory
3. Research Misconduct; professional ethics and bias in research design
4. Data acquisition, management and sharing; Sloppiness vs Fabrication
5. Publishing: Credit and responsibility in Science
6. Intellectual Property rights
7. Peer review process and Conflicts of interest
8. Funding, proposals, and manuscripts
9. Safety and the Laboratory
10. Science and Society
11. Safety and the environment
12. Hiring and the workplace: supervisors and advisors Peer review
13. the use of animals and human subjects in research
14. Bad ethics versus Bad Science

plants in medicine, its origin and development

Morphology, active principles and medicinal value of the following: i. Andrographis paniculata ii. Asparagus racemosus iii. Clitoria ternata    iv. Phyllanthus emblica   v. Gymnema sylvestre

Occurrence, distribution, Organoleptic evaluation, Microscopical evaluation, chemical constituents including tests wherever applicable and Therapeutic efficacy of following categories of drugs. a) Drugs acting on nervous system –Ashwagandha, Opium, b) Antihypertensives – Rauwolfia c) Antitussives – Vasaka, Tulsi d) Antirheumatics – Guggul, e) Antitumour – Vinca f)Antileprotics – Chaulmoogra Oil g) Antidysenterics – Holarhaena h) Antiseptics and Disinfectants -Murraya, Neem, Curcuma. i) Antimalarials – Cinchona, Andrographis j) Oxytocics – Ergot k) Vitamins –Amla l) Enzymes – Papaya

Assignment - 10 

Mini project - 20 

exam -          20

The aim of this course is to provide an introduction to recombinant DNA technology. It helps the students to understand how the principles of molecular biology have been used to develop techniques in recombinant DNA technology. The objective of the course is to familiarize the student with the basic concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, cloning vehicles, gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in the field of health care. At the end of the course the student will have enough background of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End Semester Examination

MAXIMUM MARKS: 100                                                               DURATION: 6 HOURS 

Practical course of molecular biology deals with the isolation of protein from animal and plant source using different methods and also the estimation of DNA, RNA and protein.

Performance: 40 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

End Semester examination pattern:

MAXIMUM MARKS: 100                                                               DURATION: 6 HOURS 

Internship provides an exposure to the research and developments happening in both research institutes as well as industries.

N/A

To gain understanding and appreciation of animal diversity, their phylogeny and the recent progress in the field and to understand the general concepts of evolution of animal development, morphology, genomes, natural selection, and speciation and other characters.

Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics taxonomy and classification, Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters, Species concepts: species category, different species concepts, Subspecies, Trends in biosystematics: Chemotaxonomy cytotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy, International code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), Biodiversity at global, national levels. Biogeographic classification of India, India as a mega diversity nation.

Animal organization: Parazoa and eumetazoa, Cellular, tissue and organ grade, symmetry, metamerism, coleomate, acoleomate & eucoelomate, protostomia and deuterostomia, phenology.

Gene pool, Gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg Law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift; Adaptive radiation; Isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatricity and Sympatricity; Convergent and divergent evolution; Co-evolution.

Evolution of Social interaction and Cooperation; Sexual selection, Group selection, Hamilton’s Rule, Red queen hypothesis, Kin selection, Parent – offspring conflict, mating systems, evolutionary pattern of invertebrate and vertebrate (birds, horses and human) ; DNA Barcoding; Cladogenesis and anagenesis

Population and structure, Population growth: Density dependent and independent, Survivorship, life history strategies (r and K selection), Competitions among species: Intraspecific and Interspecific, Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model, Mimicry and Animal coloration, Island communities and colonization.

2.      RastogiV.B. and M.S. Jayaraj, 1988-89. Animal Ecology and distribution of animals, KedarNath Ram Nath, Meerut – 250 001, 429 pp.

3.      Clarke, G.L., 1954. Elementa of Ecology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, London, 534 pp.

4.      Mayr, Ernst, 1973 – Animal species and Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge.

5.      Dobzansky, T. 1976 – Genetics and the origin of species. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

2.      Elic. Minkoff, 1983 – Evolutionary Biology, Addison Wesley.

3.   Leninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 1993 – principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE: Section A: Answer any 8 questions out 10 (5 x 8 = 40) (Each questions carry 5 marks), Section B: Answer any 5 questions out of 7 (12 x 5 = 60) (Each questions carry 12 marks)

To study and compare the functioning of organ systems across the animal world; to give an over view of the comparative functioning of different systems in animals and to learn more about human physiology

Nutrition in animals, mechanisms of food intake in different animals, Physiology of digestion and absorption. Structural and biochemical adaptations to special dietary pattern, symbiotic digestion, neuronal and hormonal regulation of nutritional intake, hunger drive, thirst. Obesity- causes and consequences, outline of hormonal involvement, Leptin: synthesis, secretion and its role in adipogenesis

Circulatory mechanisms and fluid compartments, movement of body fluids by somatic muscles, open system, closed system, lymph channels. Types of hearts- chambered heart, tubular heart, ampullar heart, lymph heart, neurogenic and myogenic heart. Pace makers and specialized conducting fibers. Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood buffers, circulatory shock, circulatory arrest. Human congenital heart diseases. Effect of drugs and exercise on cardiovascular physiology. Electrocardiography (ECG), Echocardiogram, Angiogram, Treadmill Test TMT - its principle and significance.

Respiration in invertebrates (WSR to arthropods) and vertebrates. Structure and function of respiratory pigments. Pulmonary ventilation, respiratory muscles, surfactants. Respiratory centers and periodic breathing. Regulation of respiration. Respiration in unusual environment – foetal and neonatal respiration, high altitude, diving. Metabolic rate: measurement of basal metabolic rate and respiratory quotient and its significance

Osmoregulation in fresh water, marine and terrestrial animals. Excretion in invertebrates and vertebrates. Physiology and regulation of urine formation, Hormonal regulation of urine formation. Regulation of water balance, electrolyte balance and acid-base balance. Thermoregulation - Heat balance in animals, Adaptations to temperature extremes, torpor, Adaptations to Stress- basic concept of environmental stress, acclimation, acclimatization, avoidance and tolerance, stress and hormones. Dialysis, artificial kidney, kidney transplantation.

Neuroanatomy of the central and peripheral nervous system. Electrical and chemical transmission. Synaptic transmission. Modifications of synaptic transmission during fatigue, acidosis, alkalosis, hypoxia and drugs. Mechanism of excitatory and inhibitory pathway. Neuromuscular Junction: organization and properties of neuromuscular junction, neuromodulators. Neural control of muscle tone and posture.

Hotoreception, chemoreception, mechanoreception, echolocation, Endogenous and exogenous biological rhythms, Chromatophores and bioluminescence.

Anatomy and histology of adult testis and ovary. Reproductive cycles of mammals and their hormonal control. Physiology of implantation, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. Impact of senescence and age on reproduction. Disorders associated with reproductive physiology. Super ovulation, sperm capacitation, events of fertilization

2.      Bray, J.J., Cragg, P. A, Macknight, A.D, Mills, R.S and Taylor, D.W 1986. Lecture Notes on human Physiology. ELBS, New Delhi.

3.      Brijlal Gupta and J.A. Ramsay, 1977. Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. Academic Press, New York.

4.      Chatterjee, C.C. 1997. Human Physiology. Medical allied agency, Calcutta.

5.      Ganong, W.F 1987. Review of Medical physiology. Appleton and lang, Norwalk.

6.      Guyton, A.C. 1996. Text Book of Medical physiology. Prism Books Pvt.Ltd.Bangalore

7.      Hill, W.R., Wyse, G.A and Anderson, M. 2007. Animal Physiology (2nd edn). Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers, MA, USA.

8.      Hoar, W.S. 1983. General and Comparative Physiology. Prentice Hall of India,New Delhi.

9.      Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

10.  Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N 2002. Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.

2.      Keele, C.A , Neil, E. and Joels, N. 1982. Samson Wright’s Applied  Physiology. Oxford University Press

3.      Knut Schmidt-Neilsen. 1997. Animal physiology: Adaptations and Environment Cambridge University Press

4.      Larsson, P.R. et al., 2002. William’s Text Book of Endocrinology (10th edn).W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia

5.      Moyers, D.C and Schulte ,P.M. 2007. Principles  of Animal Physiology  (2nd edn). Benjamin Cummings,CA, USA

6.      Prosser, C.L and Brown, F.A. 1973. Comparative Animal Physiology. W.B Saunders Company,

Philadelphia

7.      Randall, D., Burgrenn, W. and French, K. 1997. Eckert Animal physiology.W.H. freeman&Co,New York.

8.      Squires,E.J. 2003 Applied Animal Endocrinology, CABIPublications,UK.

9.      Timothy J. Bradley. 2009.Animal Osmoregulation. OABS, Oxford University Press, UK.

10. Wilmer, P., G. Stone and I .Jonston. 1997. Environmental Physiology of Animals (2nd edn). Blackwell Publishers, NY, USA

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE: Section A: Answer any 8 questions out 10 (5 x 8 = 40) (Each questions carry 5 marks), Section B: Answer any 5 questions out of 7 (12 x 5 = 60) (Each questions carry 12 marks)

This paper focuses on the fundamental science of immunology and explores the clinical and therapeutic aspects of immunology.  Topics include immunogenetics and molecular structure of immunoglobulins, T cell & B cell development, MHC antigens, modern vaccines, functions and dysfunctions of the components of the immune system; applications of immunological technologies in modern scientific research and development. These topics will help the students to absorb most of the fundamentals in immunology and this can benefit in understanding the advanced topics in this area.

History of Immunology, Innate Immune Immunity and its role in protection, physiological barriers, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, Inflammatory response. Adaptive Immunity – naturally and artificially acquired immunity.

Affinity and avidity, precipitation reactions- radial immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion, Agglutination- heamagglutination, agglutination inhibition, rocket electrophoresis, radioimmunoassay, ELISA- direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive ELISA, immunofluorescent techniques.

MHC molecules and organization of their genes, Structure and function of MHC types. Antigen processing, role of MHC in antigen presentation, Immunity against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Oxygen dependent and independent phagocytosis, Pathogens resistant to phagocytosis. Immunity to tuberculosis.

History and Definition of complement proteins, functions of complement system, Classical pathway, Alternate pathway, Mannan binding lectin pathway, Deficiency in complement system

Passive and Active immunization. Types of Vaccines-Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Conjugate vaccines, DNA vaccines, Recombinant vector vaccines.

The evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA-1 (10%), CIA-2 (Mid-Semester Examination) (25%), CIA-3 (10%), attendance (5%) and End-Semester Examination (50%).

To learn the anatomy of several representative invertebrates and vertebrates, to gain familiarity with anatomical terms and descriptors, to learn how to use guides and diagrams to identify anatomical features in an actual organism, to learn dissection techniques, to understand how morphology relates to function, to understand how biomechanical constraints influence anatomy and physiology. 

Ø   learn the functional anatomy of the major groups of invertebrates and vertebrates,

Ø   integrate knowledge of anatomical form with understanding of physiological function and developmental processes;

Ø   learn the evolutionary history of the invertebrates and vertebrates and of their organ systems:

gain first-hand experience with anatomical structure

Spicules in Porifera, Hydrostatic movement in Coelentrata, Skeletal system of Arthropods and Echinoderms. Axial and appendicular skeletal system, their modification and significance in tetrapods.

Muscular movement in invertebrates, Musculature in vertebrates- smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles, red and white muscles, physicochemical properties of muscle. Energetics of muscle contraction. Appendicular musculature of Tetrapods. Flight muscles of Insects and Birds.

Canalicular system in Porifera, Vascular system in Annelida, Arthropoda and Echinodermata; Evolution of Portal system in Vertebrates, Lymphatic system in Land Vertebrates, Respiratory system: Respiratory organs of Annelids, Arthropods (Book lungs, book gills, trachea)Molluscs and Echinoderms. Pharyngeal basket in Lower Chordates. Respiratory organs of higher Chordates

Nervous system in Coelentrata, Helminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms. Central, Peripheral and autonomous system in Tetrapods; Sensory organs in Cnidarians, Helminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms. Somatic and visceral receptors of the Vertebrates

Excretory organs in Helminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms and vertebrates Reproductive organs in Arthropods and Echinoderms. Testes, vasa deferentia, ovary and oviduct of Vertebrates

2.      Kardong K, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Kent CG and Carr R, Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.

3.      LiemKF and Franklin W, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective, Harcourt  College Publishers, California.

4.      Wolff RG, Functional Chordate Anatomy, Amazon Publication, UK.

2.      Kardong K, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Kent CG and Carr R, Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE: Section A: Answer any 8 questions out 10 (5 x 8 = 40) (Each questions carry 5 marks), Section B: Answer any 5 questions out of 7 (12 x 5 = 60) (Each questions carry 12 marks)

To gain practical understanding and appreciation of animal taxonomy, preparation of taxonomic keys based on morphological observation, their phylogeny and to get exposed in the general concepts of evolution of animal development by studying fossils and other evidences. 

And also understand the different functions of organ systems across the animal world and can relate it to the comparative functioning of the same in human.

Collection, Identification and study of Invertebrate and Vertebrate (pictures and specimens)

1.      Invertebrate: Coelenterate, Arthropoda,

2.      Invertebrate: Mollusca and Echinodermata

3.      Vertebrata: Pisces and Amphibia 

4.      Vertebrata: Reptiles, Aves and Mammalia  

5.      Recognition of fauna from museum study and taxonomic key preparation;

6.      Biodiversity assessment, Measuring species diversity of different habitat;

7.      Study of the skull of vertebrates - Varanus, Crocodile, Bird, Dog, Rabbit/ Rat

8.      Diversity Parameters for comparative study of habitats

9.      Study of analogous and homologous organs

10.  Study of evolution of human/ horse

11.  Pattern of evolution from museum study

1.      Effect of salivary amylase activity on starch at different temperature

2.      Effect of salivary amylase activity on starch at different  pH

3.      To examine the relative activity of enzymes in the fore, mid, and hindgut of a typical insect.

4.      Oxygen consumption in fish (normal and stressed). Graphical representation and interpretation.

5.      Kymograph: working principle and applications.

6.      Study on the haemetological parameters

7.      Effect of different concentration of NaCl solution (0.1%-2%) on the diameter of RBCs (preferably human) and determination of the concentration, which is isotonic to the blood from a plot of diameter of RBC against concentration of NaCl

8.      Assessing physical and chemical modifier of heart rate in chick embryo. 

9.      Study of human lung functional test using Spirometer

10.  Tread Mill Test for heart functioning.

11.  Eye functioning test.

2.      Savage, J.M. 1976 – Evolution. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

3.      Elic. Minkoff, 1983 – Evolutionary Biology, Addison Wesley.

Leninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 1993 – principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi

1.      Hoar, W.S. 1983. General and Comparative Physiology. Prentice Hall of India,New Delhi.

2.      Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

3.      Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N 2002. Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.

4.      Ian Kay.1998. Introduction to Animal Physiology. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford, UK

5.      Keele, C.A , Neil, E. and Joels, N. 1982. Samson Wright’s Applied  Physiology. Oxford University Press

6.      Knut Schmidt-Neilsen. 1997. Animal physiology: Adaptations and Environment Cambridge University Press

7.      Larsson, P.R. et al., 2002. William’s Text Book of Endocrinology (10th edn).W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia

8.      Moyers, D.C and Schulte ,P.M. 2007. Principles  of Animal Physiology  (2nd edn). Benjamin Cummings,CA, USA

9.      Prosser, C.L and Brown, F.A. 1973. Comparative Animal Physiology. W.B Saunders Company,

Philadelphia

2.      RastogiV.B. and M.S. Jayaraj, 1988-89. Animal Ecology and distribution of animals, KedarNath Ram Nath, Meerut – 250 001, 429 pp.

3.      Clarke, G.L., 1954. Elementa of Ecology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, London, 534 pp.

4.      Mayr, Ernst, 1973 – Animal species and Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge.

1.      Bentley,P.J. 1998. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology (3rd edn). Cambridge University Press

2.      Bray, J.J., Cragg, P. A, Macknight, A.D, Mills, R.S and Taylor, D.W 1986. Lecture Notes on human Physiology. ELBS, New Delhi.

3.      Brijlal Gupta and J.A. Ramsay, 1977. Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. Academic Press, New York.

4.      Chatterjee, C.C. 1997. Human Physiology. Medical allied agency, Calcutta.

5.      Ganong, W.F 1987. Review of Medical physiology. Appleton and lang, Norwalk.

6.      Guyton, A.C. 1996. Text Book of Medical physiology. Prism Books Pvt.Ltd.Bangalore

7.      Hill, W.R., Wyse, G.A and Anderson, M. 2007. Animal Physiology (2nd edn). Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers, MA, USA.

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE

To provide in-depth practical knowledge in immune system as well as their functions and the anatomical details about the various animals. 

Ø  demonstrate a comprehensive and practical understanding of basic immunological principles involved in research and clinical/applied science.

Ø  explain the mechanisms and differences between primary and secondary responses and their relevance to immunizations.

Ø integrate knowledge of anatomical form with understanding of physiological function and developmental processes;

Ø gain first-hand experience with anatomical structure

1.      Collection of primary and secondary immune organs of Goat/sheep

2.      Preparation and study of phagocytosis by spleenic/peritoneal macrophages.

3.      Ouchterlony (double diffusion) assay for Antigen -antibody specificity and titre.

4.      ELISA

5.      Radial Immuno diffusion

6.      Antibody purification from the serum collected from immunized mice: affinity purification/chromatography.

7.      Immunoelectrophoresis.

8.      Rocket electrophoresis

9.      Demonstration of Western blotting:

10.  Protein estimation by Lowry’s method /Bradford’s method

11.  SDS-PAGE.

12.  Immunoblot analysis.

13.  Widal test

14.  VDRL TEST

1.      Osteological preparation of chick and rat -  limb bones and girdles

2.      Osteological preparation of chick and rat -  Appendicular and flight muscles of bird;

3.      Afferent and efferent branchial system of fishes

4.      Hepatic portal system of rat.

5.      Nervous system of Crab, Pila/Loligo,

6.      Cranial nerves (V-VII and IX- X) of teleosts

7.      Nerves and blood vessels in the neck region of rat;

8.      Reproductive system of cockroach

9.      Reproductive system of fish

10.  Mounting (Temporary) of Mouth parts of Mosquito, Salivary glands of cockroach,

11.  Mounting of statocyst of Prawn/Loligo, Ctenidium and Osphradium of Pila, Radula of Pila,

12.  Mounting of Trachea and Spiracles of insect.

2.      Immuno Biology- The immune system in health and disease, Janeway, Travers, Walport and Shlomchik, (6th Ed., 2005), Garland Science Publishing, New York, USA.

3.      Immunology, David, Brostoff and Roitt, (7th Ed., 2006), Mosby & Elsevier Publishing, Canada, USA.

4.      Abbas, A.K., Lichtman,A.K and Pober , J.S. 1997. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. W.B. Saunders Co. New York

5.      Ashim K. Chakravarthy. 1998. Immunology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

6.      Chakraborty, A.K. 2006. Immunology and Immunotechnology. Oxford University Press,New Delhi

2.      David Male,JonathanBrostoff, David Roth and Ivan Roitt. 2006.  Immunology. Mosby, Edinburgh,UK

3.      Goldsby, R.A.,Kindt, T.J. and Osborne, B.A.2000. Immunology (4th edn.). W.H. Freeman and Co. NY,USA.

4.      Hannigan, B. M., Moore, C. B. T. and Quinn, D. G. 2010.  Immunology. Viva Books, New Delhi.

1.      Barrington EJ, Invertebrate Structure and Function, Thomas Nelson and Sons, USA.

2.      Kardong K, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Kent CG and Carr R, Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.

3.      LiemKF and Franklin W, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective, Harcourt  College Publishers, California.

Wolff RG, Functional Chordate Anatomy, Amazon Publication, UK.

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE

To introduce the concepts and process in developmental biology; to help students understand and appreciate the genetic mechanisms and the unfolding ofthe same during development and to expose the learner to the new developments in embryology and its relevance to Man

The origin of developmental biology- cell theory, mosaic and regulative development, discovery of induction, genetics and development; basic concepts of developmental biology- cell division, cell differentiation, signaling, patterning; model systems: vertebrates model organism- Xenopuslaevis, chicken, mammals, zebrafish; invertebrate model organism- Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans; identification of developmental genes: spontaneous and induced mutation, mutant screening, developmental mutations in Drosophila. 

Structure of the gametes– the sperm, the egg; cleavage and gastrulation; axes and germ layers; morphogenesis– cell adhesion, cleavage and formation of blastula, gastrulation, neural tube formation, cell migration; Axis specification in Drosophila; origin of anterior- posterior and dorsal- ventral patterning- role of maternal genes, patterning of early embryo by zygotic genes; segmentation genes- the gap genes, the pair– rule genes, the segment polarity genes, the homeotic selector genes- bithorax and antennapedia complex.

Development of chick limb- development and patterning of vertebrate limb, proximal- distal and dorso- ventral axis formation, homeobox genes in patterning, signaling in patterning of the limb; insect imaginal disc– determination of wing and leg imaginal discs, organizing center in patterning of the wing, butterfly wing development, the homeotic selector genes for segmental identity; insect compound eye– morphogenetic furrow, ommatidia, signaling, eyeless gene; kidney development– development of ureteric bud and mesenchymal tubules. 

Growth- cell proliferation, growth hormones; aging- genes involved in alteration in timing of senescence; regeneration– epimorphic regeneration of reptile (salamander) limb, requirement of nerves for the proliferation of blastema cells; embryonic stem cells and their applications; medical implications of developmental biology: genetic errors of human development- the nature of human syndromes– pleiotropy, genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic variability, mechanism of dominance; gene expression and human disease– inborn errors of nuclear RNA processing, inborn errors of translation; Teratogenesis: Malformations and disruptions, Gene – phene relationship, Autophene, Allophene and Pleiotrophy; Teratogenic agents (Retinoic acid, pathogens, alcohol, drugs and chemicals, heavy metals); Environmental oestrogens

Metamorphosis of Amphibians and Insects; Hormonal control of metamorphosis. Heterochrony- neoteny, progenesis (Brief accounts); regeneration - different types of regeneration; Histological processes during regeneration; Polarity and Metaplasia in regeneration; Lens regeneration in amphibia; Bone and neural regeneration (Medical -Advances in regeneration).

Infertility - causes, ART- OI, AI, donar conception, IVF, ICSI, GIFT, ZIFT, PGD, Surrogacy. Cloning experiments- (Amphibians, Mammals and Human). Stem cells and their applications, Prenatal and Neonatal care, Ultra Sound monitoring of the fetus, Birth control, Ethical issues

2.      Principles of Development, Wolpert, Beddington, Brockes, Jessell, Lawrence, Meyerowitz, (3rd Ed., 2006), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, INDIA.

3.      Analysis of Biological Development, Kalthoff, (2nd Ed., 2000), McGraw-Hill Science, New Delhi, INDIA.

4.      Balinsky, B.I.2004. An Introduction to Embryology. W.B.SaundersCo., Philadelphia.

5.      Berril, N.J. 1979. Developmental Biology.Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.Co.Ltd.,New Delhi.

6.      Gilbert, S.F. 2006. Developmental Biology (9thedn).Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, Masachusettes, USA

7.      Hopper, A.F. and Hart, N.H.1985. Foundations of Animal Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

8.      Lewis Wolpert. 2007. Principles of Development. Oxford University Press.Oxford

9.      Saunders, J.W.1982. Developmental Biology-Patterns,Principles and Problems. Macmillan Publishing Co.,New York.

2.      Sunstard,D.P., Simmons, M. J. and J.B Jenkins.1997. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and sons, New York.

3.      Wolpert L. and C. Tickle. 2011. Principles of Development.(4thedn). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE: Section A: Answer any 8 questions out 10 (5 x 8 = 40) (Each questions carry 5 marks), Section B: Answer any 5 questions out of 7 (12 x 5 = 60) (Each questions carry 12 marks)

Students will be able to:

Ø   Discuss the biology of wild vertebrates and identify and compare appropriate methods of studying and/or monitoring their physiology, ecology, and populations.

Ø   Discuss, evaluate, and apply scientific principles to the ecology and conservation of wild vertebrates.

Ø  Apply a conceptual framework to solve problems in animal ecology and make informed management decisions.

Ø  Discuss appropriate ecological, mathematical, and statistical concepts and methods to interpret, understand and communicate wildlife ecology and conservation data.

Review of the concept of ecosystem – pond and Forest as examples of natural ecosystem. Energetics in an ecosystem – Energy flow, Trophic level and structure in ecosystem, Food chain, Ecological pyramids- Review of Bio-geo Chemical cycles.

Concept of Limiting factors - Liebig’s law of the minimum – Shelford’s law of tolerance. Population and Community Ecology: Natality, Mortality, Growth rate as factors determining the population density- Population interactions. Types of community- Structure – Community Succession, Homeostasis.

Wetland Ecology Freshwater habitat – Marine habitat – Estuarine habitat –. Coastal and Marine Management-Deep sea adaptations Terrestrial habitat- desert ecology, High Altitude Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Types of Forests: Concept, classification, Non-Renewable and Renewable resources- Conventional and Non- Conventional source and energy – Conservation and management.

Habitat diversity of Indian wildlife and faunal zonation; Endemic species, Important Indian fauna and their distribution: Asiatic Lion, Indian Tiger, Indian one horned Rhinoceros, Indian Elephant, Golden Langur, Lion-tailed Macaque, Red Panda, Brow Antler Deer, Indian Wild Buffalo, Crocodile, Great Indian Bustard, Dolphin

Capturing and marking techniques – entrapping, darting, tagging and banding, Conservation and management: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation; Regional, National and global Conservation efforts and legal aspects: National and international conventions – CITES, TRAFFIC; Forest laws and wildlife laws in wildlife conservation; Rio Protocol, Rio 20+ , Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Gir Lion Project, Crocodile Breeding Projects, Project Hangul(1972). Sampling forest ecosystems and analyzing the data collected. Scat analysis, camera trapping

Wildlife conservation and management practices tour, (RS and GIS) ,Conservation Breeding and Wildlife Utilization, Field techniques in Wildlife studies, Human Dimensions in Wildlife Management Wildlife Health Management, Wildlife Forensics, Mammalogy, Ornithology, Herpetology and Ichthyology, Joint forest management. Forest spatial structure, Fire ecology: effects on forest dynamics, Field Ethics: Migration Corridors- Man Animal Conflict-Environment Impact Assessment (EIA). Wild life research institutes and conservation organizations.

2.      Krishnan M, India’s Wildlife, Bombay Natural History Society, India.

3.      Nair SM, Endangered animals of India, National Book Trust, India.

4.      NoenAN, Wildlife Ecology: An Analytical Approach, WM Freeman and Co, New York.

5.      Shah JH ,Introduction to Wildlife Management, McGraw Hill, New York.

6.      Usher MB, Wildlife Conservation and Evaluation Chapman and Hall, London.

7.      Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene P. ODUM (1972), W.B. Saunders Company, London.

8.      Environmental Biology by Michael Reiss and Jenny Chapman, 2000. Cambridge Press, UK.

9.      An Introduction to Ecology and Population by Emmel THOMAS, C. (1973), Notron, NY.

10.  Fundamentals of Ecology by DASH, M.C., 1993. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

2.      Environment and Ecology by Majid Husain, 2015, Access Publishing

3.      Population Ecology, by KirtiAgarwal, GAURAV BOOK CENTRE PVT LTD

4.      Casarett and Doulls’s 1980. Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons.. II (Eds.) Macmillan publishing co., Inc, New York.

5.      Butler, G.C. 198\78, Principles of Ecotoxicology. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

6.      Fumi Matsumura, 1980. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press, New York and London.

7.      Foster L. Mayer, Donald J. Versteeg, Michael, J. McKee and Barnett A. Ratlner, 1992,

8.      Biomarkers, physiological and non-specific biomarkers. Lewis publishers, London.

9.      SambasivaRaoK.R.S. 1999. Pesticide impact on fish metabolism. (Eds.) Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi

10.  Gupta, P.K. 1985. Modern toxicology Vol. II. Metropolitan Book co. (P) Ltd., New Delhi. 14. Thomas J. Haley and William O. Berndt, 1987. Handbook of toxicology. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE: Section A: Answer any 8 questions out 10 (5 x 8 = 40) (Each questions carry 5 marks), Section B: Answer any 5 questions out of 7 (12 x 5 = 60) (Each questions carry 12 marks)

To develop critical thinking, analysis and problem-solving skills in a stepwise fashion that builds through the sequence of courses. Laboratory skills to exacting standards of precision and care and preparation of solution/standards, approach analysis of evidence without bias, develop a conceptual understanding of criminal justice system, rules of evidence, legal system

Ø   describe and explain the effects of adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of foreign compounds on responses to toxic compounds and apply these principals to the metabolism and forensic analysis of drugs of abuse

Ø   explain the application of palynology, osteology and other forensic indicators in the interpretation of the time frame of events and identification of individuals in forensic investigations, evaluate the use of these techniques as applies to forensic investigation;

 discuss advancements and new concepts in forensic analysis and apply these to the wider application of forensic biology. 

Forensic Science:, Definition of Forensic Science,  Scope of Forensic Science, Need for forensic Science, Basic Principles and significance, Tools and Techniques of Forensic Science, History & Development of Forensic Science, CFSL, FSL, GEQD, NICFS, Central detective training school, NCRB (Maintenance of crime records), NPA, Mobile Forensic Science Laboratory                                                     

Forensic Physics, Forensic Ballistic & Photography, Forensic Toxicology, Forensic Biology, Forensic Chemistry, Forensic Psychology, Forensic Dentistry, Forensic Engineering, Crime Definition and Causation, Modus Operandi and its role in crime investigation crime scene, types of crime scene, crime scene characteristics Protection and recording of Crime scene, Search of physical clues, preservation, Packing and forwarding of physical clues, processing of crime scene, blood spattering and pattern analysis.

Introduction, History and nature of Forensic Biology,  General Definitions and concepts, Historical developments,  Animals, Plants and Microorganisms in Legal Investigations. The Microscope: Parts of compound microscope, Application of Polarized light methods to hair and fiber analysis. Koehler illumination, refractive index determination, crystal morphology and optics, and birefringence. Particle characterization, including fibers and hair. Magnification, field of view, working distances and depth of focus Crystallography of fibers, isotropy vs. anisotropy, polarized light, refractive index, color and pleochroism Crossed polars, birefringence, Forensic biological applications of scanning electron microscope, Electrophoresis General overview, Principles and modes of electrophoresis, Application of capillary electrophoresis in DNA typing.     

Forensic Entomology: Introduction, general entomology and arthropod biology, Insects of forensic importance,  Collection of entomological evidence during death investigations,  The role of aquatic insects in forensic investigations,  Insect succession on carrion and its relationship to determine time since death, its application to Forensic Entomology.

Wild Life Forensics: Importance, Protected and endangered species of animals and plants, Identification of wild life materials such as skin, fur bones, nails, horn and teeth by conventional and modern methods, identification of pug marks of various animals

Forensic Botany: Introduction, types, location, collection evaluation and forensic significance Wood: Type of wood and their identification and comparison,  Leaves: Identification of various types of leaves and their anatomy, methods of comparison,  Pollen : Structure, function, methods of identification and comparison,  Diatoms: Nature, location structure, extraction from various body tissues, including bone marrow, preparation of slides, methods of identification and comparison, forensic significance.     

Hair and Fibres: Morphology of hair Cuticle cortex and medulla area of hair, Three phases of hair growth, Distinction between animal and human hair,  Hair features useful for microscopic comparison of human hair, Collection of forensic hair evidence,  Difference between natural and synthetic fibres, Properties of fibers useful for forensic comparison, Collection of fiber evidence  

2. James, S.H. and Nordby, J. J.; Forensic Science; An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, USA (2003)

3.Saperstein: Criminalities – An Introduction to Forensic Science, Prentice Hall Inc. USA (1995)

4.C. G. G. Aitken and D. A. Stoney; The use of statistics in Forensic Science, Ellis Harwood Limited, England (1991)

5.Bridges BC; Criminal Investigation, Practical Finger Printing, Thumb Impressions, Hand writing Expert testimony opinion Evidence, University Book Agency, Allahabad (2000)

6.Essential Forensic Biology: Animals, Plants and Microorganisms in Legal Investigation by Allen Gunn

7.The biochemistry of semen and male reproductive tract Thaddeus Mann Methuen &Co. Ltd. London 1964

8.Biology methods Manula Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory London

9.Mathew’s textile fibres their physical, microscopic and chemical properties Herbert R. Mauersberger John Wiley New York 1954

10.  Plant Anatomy B.P. Pandey

2.Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations By Jason H. Byrd, James L. Castner Published by CRC Press, 2001

3.Forensic botany: principles and applications to criminal casework By Heather Miller Coyle Published by CRC Press, 2004

4.Pillay, V.V., Handbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology , 12th ed., Paras Publication 2001.

5.Modi, J. P., Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence &Toxicology , M.M. Tripathi Publication, (2001)

6.Parikh, C.K. , Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology

7. Reddy Narayn, . M., Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology

8. James, P.J.: Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Elsevier, 2005

End Semester Examination (ESE)- 50%

Question pattern for ESE: Section A: Answer any 8 questions out 10 (5 x 8 = 40) (Each questions carry 5 marks), Section B: Answer any 5 questions out of 7 (12 x 5 = 60) (Each questions carry 12 marks)