Dr REKHA V
BE, MTech, PGAI, PhD
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
BE, MTech, PGAI, PhD
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Articles in Journals
| Sl.No. | Title | Name of Journal / Vol. No. / Issue No. / Page Nos | ISSN No. | Date Published |
| 1 | Enhancing Music Emotion Recognition with LSTM: Evaluating Various Embedding Techniques | SSRG International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering / 12 / 6 / 293 - 303 | 2348-8549 | 17-Jul-2025 |
| 2 | Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change Classification for Change Detection Analysis of Remotely Sensed Data Using Machine Learning-Based Random Forest Classifier | Nature Environment and Pollution Technology An International Quarterly Scientific Journal / / / - | 2395-3454 | 01-Jun-2025 |
| 3 | Enhancing Music Emotion Classification Using Multi-Feature Approach | International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications / 15 / 9 / 794 - 803 | 2156-5570 | 01-Sep-2024 |
| 4 | An efficient adaptive reconfigurable routing protocol for optimized data packet distribution in network on chips | International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) / 14 / 1 / 305 - 314 | 2088-8708 | 01-Feb-2024 |
| 5 | Enhancing Fake News Detection On Social Media Through Advanced Machine Learning And User Profile Analysis | Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology / 101 / 1 / 274 - 286 | 1992-8645 | 15-Jan-2024 |
| 6 | Fake News Detection Using TF-IDF Weighted with Word2Vec: An Ensemble Approach | Intelligent Systems And Applications In Engineering / 11 / 3 / 1065 - 1076 | | 2147-6799 | 06-Jun-2023 |
| 7 | Efficient detection of faults and false data injection attacks in smart grid using a reconfigurable Kalman filter | International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) / 13 / 4 / 2086 - 2097 | 2088-8694 | 01-Dec-2022 |
| 8 | Machine Learning Based Time Series Analysis for COVID-19 Cases in India | 2022 8th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) / 2022 / / 1932 - 1937 | 2575-7288 | 07-Jun-2022 |
| 9 | Eye blink detection using CNN to detect drowsiness level in drivers for road safety | Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science / 22 / 1 / - | 2502-4752 | 03-Mar-2021 |
| 10 | A comprehensive review of parallel concatenation of LDPC code techniques | Indian Journal of Science and Technology / 14 / 5 / 432 - 444 | 0974-5645 | 16-Feb-2021 |
| 11 | Electricity requirement prediction using time series and Facebook's PROPHET | Indian Journal of Science and Technology / 13 / 47 / 4631 - 4645 | 0974-6846 | 29-Dec-2020 |
| 12 | Design of fuzzy logic controlled hybrid model for the control of voltage and frequency in microgrid | Indian Journal of Science and Technology / 13 / 35 / 3612 - 3629 | 0974-5645 | 29-Sep-2020 |
| 13 | Foreground Algorithms for detection and extraction of an object in multimedia | International journal of electrical and computer engineering(IJECE) / 10 / 2 / 1849 - 1858 | 2088-8708 | 08-Apr-2020 |
| 14 | Foreground algorithms for detection and extraction of an object in multimedia | International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) / 10 / 2 / 1849 - 1858 | 2088-8708 | 01-Apr-2020 |
| 15 | Performance Analysis of Different Classifier for Remote Sensing Application | International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) / 9 / 1 / 7153 - 7158 | 2249-8958 | 25-Oct-2019 |
| 16 | An enhanced security alert system for smart home using IOT | Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science / 13 / 1 / 27 - 34 | 2502-4752 | 01-Jan-2019 |
| 17 | Priority-based bandwidth allocation and load balancing for multipath IP networks | International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations / 20 / 1 / 53 - 72 | 1741-5225 | 01-Jan-2019 |
Blog
| Sl.No. | Title | URL | Subject | Month Year |
| 1 | Empowering Cottage Industries Women Entrepreneurs with GenAI Tools | https://vskkarnataka.org/empowering-cottage-industries-women-entrepreneurs-with-genai-tools/ | AI Technology | 9/2025 |
Books/ Book Chapter/Case Study
| Sl.No. | Title | Author Names(s) | ISBN No. | Month Year |
| 1 | 5th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics, ICMCSI | REKHA V,IEEE | 9798350395235 | / |
Participation in Seminars/Conferences/Symposium
| Sl.No. | Name of the Conference /Seminar /Symposium | Type of Program | Title of the Article | Role | Venue/Place | Date |
| 1 | e 3 rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Applications (AITA 2025) | Conference | A Comparative Evaluation of Standalone LLMs and Retrieval-Augmented Generation Models using Hypothetical Gemini Systems | Presenter) | IBS, Bangalore, Off-Campus Center of IFHE UniversityBangalore | 01/08/2025 |
| 2 | nternational Conference on Computing for Sustainability and Intelligent Future (Comp-SIF 2025) | Conference | Comparative Study and Analysis of Prompting Techniques using Gemini API Models and Reasoning Frameworks | Presenter) | BMSI, BangaloreBMSIT, Bangalore | 21/03/2025 |
| 3 | Two Day International Conference on Global Best Practices in Education | Conference | Bridging Academia and Industry: Service Learning as a Catalyst for Best Practices in Education | Presenter) | Christ UniversityDelhi | 27/02/2025 |
| 4 | 1st International Conference on AIML-Applications for Engineering & Technology | Conference | Real-Time Safety Monitoring for Construction Sites Using RFID and Visual Recognition Technologies | Presenter) | MKSSS's Cummins College Of Engineering For WomenPune | 16/01/2025 |
| 5 | International conference on recent advances in science and engineering technology(ICRASET-2024) | Conference | Intelligent Fault Detection and Prediction in Smart Grids Using Supervised Learning Model. | Presenter) | Dept.of ECE,CSE,ISE AND AI & ML BGSIT, Adichunchangiri University, MandyaMandya | 21/11/2024 |
| 6 | International conference on recent advances in science and engineering technology(ICRASET-2024) | Conference | Artificial Intelligence-Driven Power Management System for Enhanced Efficiency in Smart Grids. | Presenter) | Dept.of ECE,CSE,ISE AND AI & ML BGSIT, Adichunchangiri University, MandyaMandya | 21/11/2024 |
| 7 | 2nd International conference on artificial intelligence, computing technologies, IOT and Data analytics(AICTA-2024) held at National Institute of Technology Raipur, India | Conference | Integrating IoT with Google Maps for automated Turn signal systems in vehicles | Presenter) | National Institute of Technology Raipur | 15/11/2024 |
| 8 | 5 th International Conference on Data Science, Computation and Security (IDSCS-24) | Conference | Participant) | Christ University | 07/11/2024 | |
| 9 | International conference on recent advances in science and engineering technology(ICRASET-2024) | Conference | Hybrid edge cloud approach for renewable energy management using deep learning with predictive analysis. | Presenter) | Dept.of ECE,CSE,ISE AND AI & ML BGSIT, Adichunchangiri University, MandyaMandya | 21/03/2024 |
| 10 | 5th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics (ICMCSI2024) | Conference | A Study of Emotion Classification of Music Lyrics using LSTM Networks | Presenter) | Tribhuvan University, NepalNepal | 18/01/2024 |
| 11 | NA | Conference | Mapping Different Emotion Models with Hybrid Lexicon Algorithm using Distance Metric | Presenter) | Xidian University | 01/12/2023 |
| 12 | International Conference on artificial Communication IoT Data Engineering and Security(IACIDS 2023) | Conference | Intelligent Assistive System to Assist Blind and Visually Impaired in Navigation Using Computer Vision Technique | Presenter) | Christ University | 23/11/2023 |
| 13 | International Conference on Data Science, Computation and Security | Conference | Participant) | Christ University | 02/11/2023 | |
| 14 | CIS2023 | Conference | Coordinator) | Christ UniversityBangaloe | 04/09/2023 | |
| 15 | 7th International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT - 2023) | Conference | A Comprehensive Analysis on Fault Data Injection in Smart Grid | Presenter) | Gnanamani College of Technology, Namakkal, India Namakkal, India | 22/05/2023 |
| 16 | 2023 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications | Conference | Moderator/Chair) | Christ UniversityBangalore | 22/04/2023 | |
| 17 | 2023 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications | Conference | Moderator/Chair) | Christ UniversityBamgalore | 21/04/2023 | |
| 18 | 2023 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications (InC4) | Conference | Coordinator) | IEEE computer society, CHRIST UNIVERSITYBangalore | 21/04/2023 | |
| 19 | 3rd International Conference on Soft Computing for Security Applications | Conference | Comprehensive Analysis on Vehicle To Vehicle Communication Using Intelligent Transportation System | Presenter) | Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology,Salem, Tamil NaduSalem, Tamil Nadu | 17/04/2023 |
| 20 | New National Educational policy-2022:Impact on Future Indians Education System | Seminar | Participant) | Karnataka State Higher Education CouncilBangalore | 02/09/2022 | |
| 21 | ICACCABT 2022-International Conference | Conference | Analysis of Climate Data using Big Data techniques | Presenter) | ICACCABTCoimbatore, Tamil Nadu | 28/01/2022 |
| 22 | ICACCABT 2022 International Conference | Conference | Machine Learning Based Time Series Analysis for COVID-19 | Presenter) | ICACCABT Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu | 28/01/2022 |
| 23 | Congress On Intelligent Systems | Conference | Organizer) | Soft Computing Research and Christ(Deemed to be University)Bengaluru | 04/09/2021 | |
| 24 | International Conference on Information and Communication Engineering | Conference | Fake News Detection System: A Review of Different Model | Presenter) | Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology Hyderabad | 11/03/2021 |
| 25 | 2019International Conference on Data science and Communication | Conference | Sentiment Analysis on Indian Government Schemes Using Twitter data | Presenter) | Christ UniversityBangalore | 01/03/2019 |
Invited Talks
| Sl.No. | Titel of the Program | Name of the Program | Date | Name of the Institution |
| 1 | Generative Al and LMS for Government School Teachers in Gonikoppal | Conducted an Outreach and Capacity- Sessions on Conduct Outreach and Capacity-Building Sessions on Generative Al and LMS for Government School Teachers in Gonikoppal | 13/09/2025 | Government Schools in Gonikoppal |
| 2 | The Power of Gen AI Tools for Business and Entrepreneurship | Training Program | 06/09/2025 | Laghu Udyog Bharati-Karnataka |
| 3 | Motivation and Leadership Lessons | Womens day for House Keeping Staff | 08/03/2022 | Christ(Deemed to be University)(School of Engineering and Technology),Department of CSE |
| 4 | Sustainable Waste Management Awarness Program | Awarness Program | 16/08/2019 | ST.Philomena High School |
MPhil/PhD Guided/Adjudicated
| Sl.No. | Title | Name of Student | Institution | Role | Status | Month Year |
| 1 | Predictive Analytics for Environment description to aid Visually impaired | YOGITHA | Christ University | Supervisor | Ongoing | July 2021 |
| 2 | . | AFFREEN ARA | Christ University | Supervisor | Ongoing | March 2019 |
| 3 | DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE FAKE NEWS DETECTION SYSTEM USING LEARNING ALGORITHMS |
ZAHIR ABBAS KHAN | Christ University | Supervisor | Ongoing | September 2020 |
Patents
| Sl.No. | Title of Invention | Inventor(s) | Filing Date |
| 1 | PORTABLE IOT-ENABLED DIALYSIS UNIT | RAKOTH KANDAN SAMBANDAM,REKHA V,KARTHIKEYAN H,ARUL V | 06-Aug-2025 |
| 2 | Computer Vision Based Steam Leaking Inspection Drone | RAKOTH KANDAN SAMBANDAM,REKHA V,DANIEL D,ARUL V | 03-Jan-2024 |
| 3 | Text Mining for Healthcare Analytics for Extracting Insights from Clinical Text Documents | SUJATHA A K,MARY ANITA E A,REKHA V,JYOTHI MANDALA | 09-Jul-2023 |
| 4 | Mouse | RAKOTH KANDAN SAMBANDAM,REKHA V,MICHAEL MOSES T,ARUL V | 08-Apr-2023 |
| 5 | System and Method for Biometric Authentication Based on Machine Learning Image Analysis for Technical Problem Resolution | SUJATHA A K,MARY ANITA E A,JYOTHI MANDALA,REKHA V | 31-Mar-2023 |
| 6 | AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED SMART CAP WITH VOICE ASSISTANT FOR BLIND PERSON | RAKOTH KANDAN SAMBANDAM,ARUNA S K,REKHA V,BALAMURUGAN M,NAVEEN J,MITHUN B N | 12-Mar-2022 |
| 7 | A POWER QUALITY AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A SMART GRID USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR PROVIDING EFFICIENT RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND THE METHOD THEREOF | REKHA V,SIDDESH G K,N SHARMILA,M KOMALA,H N MAHENDRA ,D PRAKYATH,D MAHESH KUMAR,K SATHISHA SHET,N MAHESH KUMAR,S POOJA,V REKHA | 11-Jun-2021 |
Research Project
| Sl.No. | Name of the Research Project | Investigator(s) | Sponsors | Internal/External |
| 1 | Retrofitting of conventional CNC Milling Machine to digitalized transformation for smart manufacturing | IVAN SUNIT ROUT, ANIL RAJ,AMRUTA ROUT,VENKATASWAMY R,REKHA V | Internal | |
| 2 | Design and Development of Autonomous Delivery Robot | UMESH V, JANGAM SASIDHAR,REKHA V,PARAG JOSE C,AMRUTA ROUT | Internal | |
| 3 | Design and Development of Humanoid Robot with Autonomous Navigation | AMRUTA ROUT, UMESH V,REKHA V,SHAMANTH N | Internal | |
| 4 | ?Exploring Future Research Developments with GenAI Technology Innovations | REKHA V | Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) | External |
Workshop/FDP/Training programme
| Sl.No. | Name of the Workshop/FDP/Training programme | Name of Organiser | Level | Role | Date |
| 1 | Generative AI and Future Computing | E&ICT Academy II Guwahati , S-VYASA Deemed-to-be-University | National | Participant | 12/05/2025 |
| 2 | Scaffolding Adult Learning Through Learner-Centered Approach | Teaching Learning Enhancement Cell (TLEC), CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, | Institutional | Participant | 22/02/2024 |
| 3 | Elevating Data Analytics through AI and AWS | Department of CSE, SoET, | Participant | 29/01/2024 | |
| 4 | Guest Talk on Gender Equity Promotion | Department of CSE, SoET, | Organiser & Participant | 23/01/2024 | |
| 5 | TWo week FDP on Opportunities and challenges in Enterpreneurship | JSSATEB Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Park, | National | Participant | 03/01/2024 |
| 6 | Workshop Artificial Intelligence | The Department of Psychology, | Institutional | Invited Resource Person/Trainer | 15/09/2023 |
| 7 | Penetration Workshop | Center for Advanced Research in Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, | International | Participant | 01/09/2023 |
| 8 | Hands on UI/UX | L&T EduTech, | International | Participant | 13/06/2023 |
| 9 | Faculty Development Programme-I 2022 | Christ(Deemed to be University), | Institutional | Participant | 06/07/2022 |
| 10 | IEEE Conference Organizers Education Workshop (COEW-2022) | IEEE Bangalore Section (BS), IEEE Mysore Subsection (MYSS), IEEE Mangalore Subsection (MSS) and IEEE North Karnataka Subsection (NKSS), | Institutional | Participant | 10/04/2022 |
| 11 | NOSQLDatabase | Aqmenz Automation Private Limited and SJBIT, SJBIT, Bangalore | Institutional | Participant | 28/03/2022 |
| 12 | Environmental Sustainability- Being responsible for our act towards our neighbours" | Christ(Deemed to be University), | Institutional | Organiser & Participant | 12/03/2022 |
| 13 | Global Tech Talk series 2021 on topic "Community evolution in social networks" | Christ(Deemed to be University), | International | Participant | 21/09/2021 |
| 14 | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (Intermediate level) | Christ(Deemed to be University), | Institutional | Participant | 02/09/2021 |
| 15 | Machine Learning with Python | EICT Academy- IIT, Kanpur, IIT, Kanpur | National | Participant | 24/08/2021 |
| 16 | ICRCICN 2020 | Christ(Deemed to be University), | International | Invited Resource Person/Trainer | 26/11/2020 |
| 17 | online Synfig Workshop | Teaching Learning Centre (ICT) at IIT Bombay, | National | Participant | 07/11/2020 |
| 18 | Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning(Beginner) | Christ(Deemed to be University), | Institutional | Participant | 01/10/2020 |
| 19 | Introduction to HTML5 | University of Michigan, Coursera | International | Participant | 17/08/2020 |
| 20 | Cloud Computing World.The need of agility in development and deployment | Computer Society of India, | International | Participant | 31/07/2020 |
| 21 | Laravel Web Development | Computer Society of India, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology | Institutional | Participant | 30/06/2020 |
| 22 | Technology and Business in current scenario | IEEE Bangalore Section, | International | Participant | 26/06/2020 |
| 23 | Next-Gen Class Room Teaching and Digital Content Creation | Christ(Deemed to be University), | Institutional | Participant | 10/06/2020 |
| 24 | Overview on IEEE SIGHT ? Opportunities to Develop Environmental Sustainable Solutions | CSA, Christ(Deemed to be University), | Institutional | Participant | 05/06/2020 |
| 25 | Theory of Computation | Computer Society of India, Velammal Engineering College | Institutional | Participant | 18/05/2020 |
| 26 | Emerging Technologies for Higher Education ?Post COVID-19 | Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi | Institutional | Participant | 16/05/2020 |
| 27 | Cloud Application Development | Computer Society of India, | Institutional | Participant | 13/05/2020 |
| 28 | Webinar on the theme Leading in a VUCA World | Skycampus, ICT ACADEMY, ICT ACADEMY | Institutional | Participant | 24/04/2020 |
| 29 | Webinar on the theme Leading in a VUCA World | Skycampus, ICT ACADEMY, ICT ACADEMY | Institutional | Participant | 23/04/2020 |
| 30 | Webinar on the theme Leading in a VUCA World | Skycampus, ICT ACADEMY, ICT ACADEMY | Institutional | Participant | 22/04/2020 |
| 31 | Webinar on the theme Leading in a VUCA World | Skycampus, ICT ACADEMY, ICT ACADEMY | Institutional | Participant | 21/04/2020 |
| 32 | Webinar on the theme Leading in a VUCA World | Skycampus, ICTACADEMY, ICTACADEMY | Institutional | Participant | 20/04/2020 |
| 33 | Data Science and Computational security(IDSCS2020) | Christ(Deemed to be University), | International | Participant | 13/04/2020 |
| 34 | Programming for Everybody (Getting Started with Python) | University of Michigan, Coursera | International | Participant | 03/04/2020 |
| 35 | Introduction to HTML5 | University of Michigan, Coursera | International | Participant | 01/04/2020 |
| 36 | Python3:Programming beginner to advanced | Udemy, Udemy | International | Participant | 01/04/2020 |
| 37 | Sustainable Waste Management Workshop/ Ideathon | Dr.Rekha V, | Institutional | Organiser & Participant | 30/08/2019 |
| 38 | Sustainable Waste Management Workshop/ Ideathon | , | Institutional | Participant | 30/08/2019 |
| 39 | 2019 International Conference on Data Science and communication | Christ university, | International | Organiser & Participant | 01/03/2019 |
| 40 | Guest Talk on Cyber Security | Dr.Rekha V, | Institutional | Organiser & Participant | 16/02/2019 |
| 41 | One day awareness program on Innovation and Design | Dr. Rekha V, | Institutional | Organiser & Participant | 01/02/2019 |
| 42 | Artificial Intelligence in Medical and Healthcare Applications | Kongu Engineering College, | Institutional | Participant | 24/12/2018 |
| 43 | Scholarly Writing & Intellectual Ethics | CHRIST (deemed to be University) & Elsevier, | Institutional | Participant | 24/08/2018 |
| 44 | Cyber securityEssentials Course | Cisco Network Academy, | Participant | 28/07/2018 |
Awards/Achievements/Others
| Sl.No. | Name of the Awards/Achievements/Others | Description | Organisation | Month/ Year |
| 1 | Smart India Hackathon 2022 | Grand Finale 2022 hosted by Govt. of India | ACS college of engineering | 26 August 2022 |
| 2 | Initiating and conducting Kannada Speaking Classes | Teaching the Kannada classes for faculty and students | CAPS, Christ(Deemed to be University) | 10 March 2023 |
| 3 | Karnataka Janapada Parishath ERP project completion | Development of Web portal to collect the artisans database | Karnataka Janapada Parishath | 17 April 2023 |
| 4 | Mentor Certificate for Dreams Program Web Application development | Development of Dreams Program Web application for Mentor(Faculties) and Mentees (School Students) | Let Us Dreams | 15 April 2023 |
| 5 | Certificate of Appreciation as Reviewer | voluntarily contributing as a reviewer for research papers submitted to the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications (InC4) | IEEE Computer Society | 22 April 2023 |
| 6 | Certificate of Appreciation for Technical Program committee member and Reviewer | Congress on smart computing technologies (CSCT 2023) | Soft computing Research Society and SAU center for Research and Innovative Learning, South Asian University, India | 02 December 2023 |
| 7 | Resource Person | Resource Person to the three days FDP on "Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning in the Data Revolution Era: Progress and Applications" | ATME College of Engincering | 05 February 2025 |
| 8 | External Member of the Board of Examiner | Participation in the BOE deliberations and question paper scrutiny process. | School of Computer Science Engineering, REVA University | 09 May 2024 |
| 9 | External question paper scrutiny | Appointment as External Question Paper scrutiny -- Semester End Examination | SVYASA University, School of Advanced Studies | 01 February 2025 |
| 10 | Question paper setter for PG | Appointed as question paper setter for PG examinations of 2024-25. | Rajarajeswari College of Engineering | 11 February 2025 |
| 11 | External examiner to evaluate the Ph.D. Thesis | Appointed as External examiner to evaluate the Ph.D. Thesis work | St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research | 13 March 2025 |
| 12 | Best Paper Award | Received Best Paper Award in the International Conference on Computing for Sustainability and Intelligent Future (Comp-SIF 2025) for the paper title "Comparative Study and Analysis of Prompting Techniques using Gemini API Models and Reasoning Frameworks" | B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore | 21 March 2025 |
| 13 | Appreciation | Conducted a training session on Generative Al and delivered an expert talk on the effective use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) for our dedicated teachers and volunteer educators. | GOVERNMENT MODEL PRIMARY SCHOOL GONIKOPPALU | 13 September 2025 |
Consultancy
| Sl.No. | Faculties | Theme of Consultancy | Type |
| 1 | SUBRAMANIAN S,CHERUKURI RAVINDRANATH CHOWDARY ,REKHA V | Sustainability reporting tool based on business responsibility and sustainability reporting framework | |
| 2 | REKHA V | Development of a Sustainability reporting tool based on business responsibility and sustainability reporting framework. | Paid |
Copyright
| Sl.No. | Applicants | Title | Date Published |
| 1 | SUJATHA A K,MARY ANITA E A,JYOTHI MANDALA,REKHA V | Biometric Authentication Based on Machine Learning Image Analysis for Problem Resolution | - |